The Nervous System

Chapter 35 Nervous System MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The basic types of tissue in the human physical coordinate ar a. cell, organ, and organ constitution. b. sight, smell, and hearing. c. thyroid, trachea, adenoid, and bronchus. d. muscle, ill at ease(p), connective, and epithelial. autonomic nervous formDDIFAREFp. 894OBJ35. 1. 1 2. Which musical arrangement regulates and controls growth, development, and metabolism? a. endocrine brassc. integumentary strategy b. lymphatic dustd. skeletal governance autonomic nervous systemADIFEREFp. 893OBJ35. 1. 1 STO12. A. 4. b 3. The levels of organization in the bole include a. endocrine, respiratory, digestive, and nervous. b. cells, tissues, variety meat, and organ systems. c. cells, tissues, and functions. d. lymphatic, respiratory, and circulatory. autonomic nervous systemBDIFAREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 4. How many organ systems make up the human system? a. 4c. 8 b. 5d. 11 autonomic nervous systemDDIFBREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 5. A meeting of similar cells that perform a single function is called a(an) a. nerve. c. tissue. b. organ. d. organ system. autonomic nervous systemCDIFBREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 6. Which type of tissue lines your internal organs? a. epithelialc. nerve b. connectived. muscle autonomic nervous systemADIFBREFp. 894OBJ35. 1. 1 7.Which type of tissue enables a individuals fingers to move as he or she plays the piano? a. epithelialc. nerve b. connectived. muscle autonomic nervous systemDDIFEREFp. 894OBJ35. 1. 1 8. Which type of tissue provides countenance for the soulfulnessify? a. epithelialc. nerve b. connectived. muscle autonomic nervous systemBDIFBREFp. 894OBJ35. 1. 1 9. The process by which organ systems main(prenominal)tain relatively constant internal conditions is called a. circulation. c. homeostasis. b. organization. d. team shape. autonomic nervous systemCDIFBREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 10. Which process enables the personify to maintain a stable temperature? a. heatingc. feedback inhibiti on b. circulationd. cellular activity autonomic nervous systemCDIFAREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 11. The level of chemicals in the form that speed up cellular activity is regulated by a. action potential. c. the sympathetic nervous system. b. feedback inhibition. d. the parasympathetic nervous system. autonomic nervous systemBDIFEREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 12. Which system coordinates the ashess response to changes in its internal and external environment? a. lymphatic systemc. excretory system b. nervous systemd. reproductive system autonomic nervous systemBDIFBREFp. 892, p. 897 OBJ35. 2. 1STO12. A. 4. b 13. Neurons argon classified by the a. direction in which they carry impulses. b. amount of metabolic activity that takes place. c. number of dendrites that branch out. d. number of impulses that they carry. ANSADIFEREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 1 14. What is the smallest structural and functional unit of the nervous system? a. nervec. organ b. neurond. tissue ANSBDIFAREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 1 15. What b egins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment? a. a thresholdc. an impulse b. an action potentiald. a dendrite ANSCDIFBREFp. 899OBJ35. 2. 2 16. What is the function of neuro leaveters? a. to transmit nerve impulses through dendrites b. to stimulate the production of epinephrine c. to transmit nerve impulses across synapses d. none of the above ANSCDIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 17. For a neuron to extend an action potential, it must a. release electrons. b. absorb calcium. c. reverse the electrical charge across the cell membrane. d. take in sodium ions. ANSCDIFEREFp. 899OBJ35. 2. 2 see 351 18. Refer to exercise 351. The cell body of a neuron collects information from which complex body part? a. Ac. C b. Bd. E ANSADIFEREFp. 897, p. 898 OBJ35. 2. 2 19. When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a. neurotransmitters. c. dendrites. b. sodium ions. d. receptors. ANSADIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 20. What is the function of the cent ral nervous system? a. to relay messagesc. to give way information b. to process informationd. all of the above ANSDDIFBREFp. 901OBJ35. 3. 1 21. Which of the following is a function of the cerebrum? a. controls conscious activities of the body b. controls heart rate c. controls cable pressure d. controls breathing ANSADIFAREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 22. The region of the foreland that recognizes hunger is the a. wiz stem. c. hypothalamus. b. medulla ob grandata. d. thalamus. ANSCDIFAREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 23. The ability to move your right open is controlled by the a. left hemisphere of the cerebrum. b. right hemisphere of the cerebrum. c. both the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. d. neither hemisphere of the cerebrum. ANSADIFEREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 24. A students ability to think about a question and answer it correctly is directly controlled by the a. brain stem. c. medulla. b. cerebellum. d. cerebrum. ANSDDIFEREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 25. Which division(s) of the peripher al device nervous system transmit(s) impulses from sand organs to the central nervous system? . sensory divisionc. sensory and move divisions b. motor divisiond. spinal cord division ANSADIFBREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 26. Which division of the nervous system controls the ability to dance? a. somaticc. central b. autonomicd. brain ANSADIFEREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 27. The division of the nervous system that helps the body react to pain is the a. somatic nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. b. sensory nervous system. d. sympathetic nervous system. ANSADIFAREFp. 904OBJ35. 3. 2 28. Sense organs be fracture of the a. peripheral nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. . central nervous system. d. parasympathetic nervous system. ANSADIFAREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 29. What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? a. brain and spinal cordc. somatic and autonomic b. thalamus and hypothalamusd. sensory and motor ANSDDIFBREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 30. Which of the following genera l categories of sensory receptors are located everywhere in the body except the brain? a. thermoreceptorsc. photoreceptors b. mechanoreceptorsd. pain receptors ANSDDIFAREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 31. Which general category of sensory receptors detects variations in temperature? . thermoreceptorsc. photoreceptors b. mechanoreceptorsd. pain receptors ANSADIFBREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 32. Sensory receptors that are sensitive to chemicals are frame in the a. skin, body core, and hypothalamus. c. eyes. b. skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. d. nose and test buds. ANSDDIFEREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 33. Which of the flipper senses contains two types of photoreceptors called rods and cones? a. visionc. smell b. hearingd. taste ANSADIFBREFp. 907OBJ35. 4. 2 34. In which of the following social structures might an infection incur dizziness? a. semicircular shtupalsc. kettledrum . oval windowd. cochlea ANSADIFEREFp. 908OBJ35. 4. 2 Figure 352 35. Which labeled structure in Figure 352 creates pressure waves in the cochlea? a. structure Ac. structure C b. structure Bd. structure D ANSADIFEREFp. 908OBJ35. 4. 2 36. In Figure 352, which labeled structure sends impulses to the brain that enable it to determine body motion and position? a. structure Ac. structure C b. structure Bd. structure D ANSBDIFAREFp. 908, p. 909 OBJ35. 4. 2 37. Which sense relies on the largest sense organ in the body? a. touchc. smell b. hearingd. taste ANSADIFAREFp. 09OBJ35. 4. 2 38. If you did not analogous the flavor of a certain oral liquid medicine, you could hide much of its taste by a. closing your eyes. c. holding your nose. b. covering your ears. d. folding your hands together. ANSCDIFEREFp. 909OBJ35. 4. 2 39. Drugs that increase heart rate, line of merchandise pressure, and breathing rate are called a. stimulants. c. opiates. b. depressants. d. inebriant. ANSADIFBREFp. 910OBJ35. 5. 1 40. What types of drugs slow down the activity of the central nervous system? a. stimulantsc. opiates b. depres santsd. cocaine ANSBDIFAREFp. 911OBJ35. 5. 1 41.Uncontrollable pain and sickness occur because the body rearnot produce enough endorphins when a drug user attempts to stop using a. opiates. c. crack. b. cocaine. d. marijuana. ANSADIFEREFp. 911OBJ35. 5. 1 42. The most widely abused legal drug is a. marijuana. c. amphetamines. b. tranquilizers. d. alcohol. ANSDDIFBREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 43. What system does alcohol immediately affect? a. digestivec. nervous b. circulatoryd. endocrine ANSCDIFBREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 44. Alcohol does each of the following EXCEPT a. slow reflexes. c. impair judgment. b. stimulate heart rate. d. disrupt coordination. ANSBDIFAREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 45. unity third of all homicides can be attri anded to the effects of a. alcohol. c. crack. b. cocaine. d. opiates. ANSADIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. There are four levels of organization in the human body cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. _________________________ ANSTDIFAREFp. 891 OBJ35. 1. 1 2. A group of similar cells that perform a single function is called a(an) organ. _________________________ ANSF, tissue DIFBREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 3. The hypothalamus is to your body as the thermostat is to the internal environment of a house. ________________________ ANSTDIFEREFp. 896 OBJ35. 1. 2 4. Spreading out from the cell body of a neuron are short, branched extensions called axons. _________________________ ANSF, dendrites DIFBREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 1 5. The propagation of an action potential is slower in myelinated axons than in axons that lack a myelin sheath. _________________________ ANSF, quicker DIFEREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 2 6. The largest and most prominent region of the human brain that is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body is the cerebellum. _________________________ ANSF, cerebrumDIFBREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 7. The brain and spinal cord can withstand considerable trauma due to the meninges acting as a shock absorber. _________________ _____________ ANSF, cerebrospinal fluid DIFAREFp. 901OBJ35. 3. 1 8. If you accidentally measuring stick on a tack with your bare foot, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your foot to your leg is called a reflex arc. _________________________ ANSTDIFBREFp. 904 OBJ35. 3. 2 9. The autonomic nervous system is part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system. _________________________ ANSTDIFAREFp. 904 OBJ35. 3. 2 10.Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of smell and touch. _________________________ ANSF, taste DIFAREFp. 909OBJ35. 4. 1 11. Rods react to light of different colors, producing color vision. ____________________ ANSF, Cones DIFEREFp. 907OBJ35. 4. 2 12. A person with a relatively small number of cones in the retinas may have vexation distinguishing colors. _________________________ ANSTDIFEREFp. 907 OBJ35. 4. 2 13. The cochlea and the two tiny sacs located behind it help the body maintain its equilibrium. ______________________________ ANSF, sem icircular canals DIFEREFp. 908OBJ35. 4. 2 14.Addiction can be delineate as intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes. _________________________ ANSF, Drug abuse DIFAREFp. 914OBJ35. 5. 1 15. About 40 percent of the fatal accidents that occur on Americans highways involve the drug alcohol. _________________________ ANSTDIFBREFp. 912 OBJ35. 5. 2 COMPLETION 1. Your skin, hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands make up your _________________________ system. ANSintegumentary DIFEREFp. 892OBJ35. 1. 1STO12. A. 4. b 2. Neurons are classified into ternion types according to the ____________________ the impulse travels. ANSdirection DIFAREFp. 97OBJ35. 2. 1 3. The process by which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus is called ____________________ inhibition. ANSfeedback DIFBREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 4. ____________________ is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. ANSHomeostasis DIFAREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 5. In most animals, axons and dendrites are clustered into bundles of fibers called ____________________. ANS nerves DIFAREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 1 6. Sensory neurons and motor neurons are connected by ____________________, which carry impulses mingled with them. ANSinterneuronsDIFBREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 1 7. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single long axon leaves many gaps, called ____________________, where the axon membrane is exposed. ANSnodes DIFAREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 1 8. The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is its resting ____________________. ANSpotential DIFAREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 2 9. The two major divisions of the human nervous system are the central and the ____________________ nervous systems. ANSperipheral DIFBREFp. 901OBJ35. 3. 1 Figure 353 10. The process illustrated in Figure 353 is called a(an) ____________________.ANSreflex arc DIFEREFp. 904OBJ35. 3. 2 11. The turning of your head is controlled by the ____________________ nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous systems motor division. ANSsomatic DIFEREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 12. Sensory receptors called _________________________ are found in the skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears and are sensitive to touch, pressure, stretching of muscles, sound, and motion. ANSmechanoreceptors DIFBREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 13. Small muscles attached to the ____________________ of your eye change its shape to help you focus on near or contradictory objects.ANSlens DIFEREFp. 907OBJ35. 4. 2 14. The class of drugs called ____________________ mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. ANSopiates DIFEREFp. 911OBJ35. 5. 1 15. cirrhosis of the liver of the liver is a possible result of the long-term use of ____________________. ANSalcohol DIFBREFp. 913OBJ35. 5. 2STO11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare and contrast tissues and organs. ANS A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a single function. An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a manifold function.DIFAREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 2. What is homeostasis? ANS Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. DIFBREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 3. How can the nervous system help a person run without falling? Explain. ANS Balance is necessary for running. Portions of the nervous system, along with the sense organs, can interpret a persons balance and make minor corrections to make sure the person will not fall. DIFEREFp. 908OBJ35. 4. 1 4. Distinguish between the functions of dendrites and axons.ANS Dendrites and axons are part of a neuron. Dendrites carry impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body. DIFBREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 2 5. At what location does a neuron head an impulse to another cell? ANS the synapse DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 Figure 351 6. Identify the stru cture and its labeled parts illustrated in Figure 351. ANS neuron (A) dendrite (B) cell body (C) axon (D) myelin sheath (E) nucleus DIFEREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 2 7. What are the major regions of the brain? ANSThe major regions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. DIFBREFp. 901, p. 902, p. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 8. How is the spinal cord like a major telephone line? ANS The spinal cord is the main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting information, just as a telephone line carries many calls at once. DIFAREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 9. Why is a severe injury to the brain stem usually fatal? ANS The brain stem controls more or less of the bodys most important functions, including breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing.These involuntary processes are essential to life, so the disruption of any of these processes can cause death. DIFEREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 10. What is a motor neuron? ANS A motor neuron carries impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands. DIFEREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 1 11. How is a pain in your toe perceived by sensory receptors? Why is it important for your body to sense this pain? ANS Pain receptors respond to chemicals released by the damaged cells in your toes, which may indicate danger, injury, or disease. DIFEREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 12. Identify the five main senses. ANSThe five main senses are vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. DIFBREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 2 13. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones. ANS Both rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods are sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but cones respond to light of different colors. DIFAREFp. 907OBJ35. 4. 2 14. How do opiates help mess overcome sensations of pain? ANS Opiates mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. DIFBREFp. 911O BJ35. 5. 1 15.What are the cause and effect of fetal alcohol syndrome? ANS Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by consuming alcohol while pregnant. The effect of this syndrome is a range of birth defects in the baby, such as heart defect, malformed face, delayed growth, and poor motor development. DIFAREFp. 913OBJ35. 5. 2STO11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b OTHER USING SCIENCE SKILLS This diagram shows the structure of a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of a neighboring neuron. Figure 354 1. Applying Concepts In Figure 354, which structures release neurotransmitters? ANS vesicles DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2. Interpreting prowess In Figure 354, into what area do the neurotransmitters diffuse? ANS synaptic cleft DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 3. Predicting Referring to Figure 354, predict the direction of the impulse. ANS The impulse will travel from the axon to the dendrite of the adjacent neuron. DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 4. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 354, after the neu rotransmitters are released from the cell surface, what happens to the neurotransmitters? ANS The neurotransmitters may be crushed down by enzymes, or taken up and recycled by the axon terminal. DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 5.Applying Concepts If the axon in Figure 354 is part of a motor neuron, to what cells are the impulses cosmos passed? ANS muscle cells and glands DIFAREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a measure of the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. The following graphs illustrate how many alcoholic drinks consumed in one arcminute result in different levels of BAC in individuals of different masses. In some states, an adult driving with a BAC of 0. 08% or higher is considered to be legally drunk. Figure 355 6. Using Tables and Graphs You have a mass of 45 kg and have had one drink.According to Figure 355, how long would it take for your BAC to drop to 0. 04% or lower? ANS one hour DIFEREFp. 912, p. 913OBJ35. 5. 2 STO11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b 7. Using Tables and Graphs You are a 48-kg adult and have had four drinks in an hour. According to Figure 355, could you drive legally after three hours? ANS no DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 8. Interpreting Graphics Based on Figure 355, how is the mass of an individual related to BAC levels? ANS Individuals with more mass can consume more alcoholic drinks in the same period of time and have a lower BAC than individuals with less mass.DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 9. Interpreting Graphics A 40-kg person and a 50-kg person each drink 4 drinks in 4 hours. Do they have the same BAC? ANS No. The 40-kg person has a BAC of 0. 10% or higher, whereas the 50-kg person has a BAC of 0. 05% to 0. 09%. DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 10. Applying Concepts A 58-kg person has two cocktails just before dinner and a glass of wine with dinner 30 minutes later. According to Figure 355, how long would the individual be in the Definitely illegal category? ANS one hour DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Figure 356 11.Interpreting Graphics What is the name of structure C in Figure 356? ANS spinal cord DIFBREFp. 901, p. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 12. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 356, which structure is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body? ANS structure A, the cerebrum DIFBREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 13. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 356, which structure is the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, get into, anger, and body temperature? ANS hypothalamus DIFBREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 14. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 356, which structure is the cerebellum?ANS structure B DIFBREFp. 901, p. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 15. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 356, what two regions of the brain stem act as neural switchboards, regulating the endure of information between the brain and the rest of the body? ANS medulla oblongata and pons DIFBREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 ESSAY 1. How are the cells of the human body similar to individuals in a society that work in groups to accomplish shared goals? ANS Every cell in the human body is both an independent unit and an mutualist part of a larger communitythe entire organism.Similarly, each individual in a society can survive independently, but it is also necessary to form interdependent groups to accomplish certain goals. DIFEREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 2. Name six of the bodys systems and describe their functions. ANS Answer should include six of the following systems. The nervous system coordinates the bodys response to changes in its internal and external environment. The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, and provides shield against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. The muscular system works with the skeletal system to provide voluntary movement and helps to circu late blood and move food through the digestive system. The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells fights infection removes cell wastes and helps regulate body temperature. The respiratory system provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.The digestive system converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body. The excretory system eliminates waste products from the body. The endocrine system controls growth, development, and metabolism. The reproductive system produces reproductive cells and, in the female, nurtures and protects the developing embryo. The lymphatic system helps protect the body from disease, collects fluid broken from blood vessels, and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. DIFEREFp. 892, p. 893OBJ35. 1. 1 STO12. A. 4. b 3.Based on the process of feedback inhibition, explain how your body maintains a relatively constant temperature. ANS The hypothalam us contains nerve cells that monitor both the temperature of your skin at the surface of the body and the temperature of organs in the bodys core. When these nerve cells sense that the bodys temperature is lower than normal, the hypothalamus produces chemicals that quest cells throughout the body to speed up their activities. Heat produced by this increase in cellular activity causes a gradual rise in body temperature, which is detected by the nerve cells in the hypothalamus.This feedback inhibits the production of chemicals that speed up cellular activity and keeps body temperature from rising to a dangerous level. If your body temperature rises in addition far above normal, the hypothalamus slows down cellular activities, minimizing the production of heat. DIFEREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 4. Compare resting potential and action potential in a neuron. ANS The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is the resting potential. Once an impulse begins, po sitive ions rush across the cell membrane, reversing the charge difference.The interior of the membrane gains a positive charge, and the outside of the membrane gains a negative charge. This rapid reversal of charges is called the action potential. As the impulse passes, the positively charged ions flow out of the cell, and the resting potential of the membrane is reestablished. DIFAREFp. 898, p. 899OBJ35. 2. 2 5. What is the function of each of the main regions of the brain? ANS The cerebrum controls voluntary activities, intelligence, learning, and judgment. The cerebellum controls coordination and balance.The brain stem controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing. The thalamus receives messages from the sense organs. The hypothalamus recognizes sensations of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. DIFAREFp. 902, p. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 6. Compare the effects of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. ANS The s ympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system each release different neurotransmitters that have opposite effects on the same organ system, which helps the body maintain homeostasis.When the sympathetic system speeds up an activity, the parasympathetic system slows down the same activity. For example, heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system, but reducingd by the parasympathetic nervous system. DIFAREFp. 904OBJ35. 3. 2 7. What are the five general categories of sensory receptors? Where are they located in the body? ANS The five general categories are pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. Pain receptors are throughout the body except in the brain.Thermoreceptors are located in the skin, body core, and hypothalamus. Mechanoreceptors are found in skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. Chemoreceptors are found in the nose and taste buds. Photoreceptors are found in the eyes. DIFAREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 8 . How would you design an experiment to show that much of what people actually taste in food depends on their sense of smell? ANS Students experiments may include having someone taste different types of foods that have specific tastes and smells, and then having the person taste them with his or her eyes shut and nose held closed.Students should determine if the person can identify the food that he or she tasted without the use of sight and smell, and record observations and fade conclusions. DIFEREFp. 909OBJ35. 4. 2 9. People who have to drive long distances sometimes take stimulants. How might this practice be dangerous? ANS Stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain, which then leads to a feeling of energy and well-being. However, when the effects of the stimulants wear off, the brains supply of neurotransmitters has been depleted.The user quickly falls into fatigue and depression, which can impair the persons ability to drive and could le ad to accidents. DIFAREFp. 910OBJ35. 5. 1 10. In the Designated Driver Program, one person in a group agrees to be the driver and not to drink any alcohol. Why is this program important? ANS By decreasing the number of drunk drivers on the road, you decrease your chances of being involved in such an accident. If more people were involved in the Designated Driver Program, fewer people would be in danger of being involved in a fatal accident. DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2