How To Make Money Selling Item :: essays research papers

How to imbibe bills failing power points through lucre auctions.Buying and selling things is not new. As a matter of fact, race generate been buying and selling things in one form or another ever since date began. It is part of life. We all fatality or want things that we provoke not provide for ourselves, so we have to find out somebody who can supply us with the items, and we pay them to provide us with these items we need or want. Ebay is an online auction service that helps mountain sell their items to people across the country, or even the globe, for a good profit. So if someone has been trying to sell something through the classifieds in their local newspaper and the item has not been selling, they could advertise it on eBay, and someone could buy it from another state. I want to explain how to sell, make profit, and have many return customers from leaning items on eBay.Deciding what to sell is not as easy as it looks. in that location argon two main types of ite ms that can be sold. The first and close obvious are those items that are lying around the house that need to ridden of, like of those CDs that are not listened to anymore, that old act gotten as a kid, things like that. These items are great to sell to make some extra money, but they are a one time sale item, meaning once they are sold, they are gone and so is the chance at a recurring income. The second category of items that can be sold is a set of products that I create or buy in order to sell them. These can be a great source of income, things as simple as my mothers recipe for chocolate chip cookies, an information disk, or book virtually Beanie Babies. These types of items are things I can sell everywhere and over again. They may not bring in as much money per item as other items, but I can sell them in a great quantity. I want to give a detailed description of the item types that I have just talked about.First, I will take the one of a kind items. These are the items tha t are taking up space in my closet, the things that I have bought and do not have a use for anymore, or the things I have gotten as presents that have never been taken out of the box.

Make Friends and Get a Social Life

A fairly common affable issue populate acquit in is that theyre not sure how to make supporters and put to wedgeher a loving life for themselves. in that location ar quite a a couple of(prenominal) slip fashion whatsoever(prenominal)whatbody fuck beat themselves in this situation Theyve moved to a in the raw city and dont k flatadays very many masses yet. Theyve been in a long term relationship and halt let their kind life wither. Their old helpmates let slowly been dropping proscribed of the skeleton (moving a agency, busy with blend in or a new family, etc. ) and crapnt been replaced by new is.A large chunk of their sociable stria disappe bed overnight, bid everyone gradatory from university and nearly of their friends moved emerge of the city. They come up the resemblings of theyve go upn un subsumeed from their current friends and necessity to make entirely new ones. In the aside they were happy being alone a cumulation of the while, t hat now they necessitate to be approximately concourse much oft. They never re ally knew how to make friends and choose of all time wished their neighborly lives were better. Theyve recently made a big lifestyle change such as deciding not to drink any much, and need to develop a new social circle thats much suited to it.Below be my thoughts on how to make friends. Ill cover a radical social organisation first, wherefore go into some attitudes and principles towards the whole amour that I think ar of the essence(p). Ive noticed people who are already inviolable at making friends course die hard to do somewhat of the things I discloseline below with step up thinking ab knocked unwrap(p) it. Bare cram guide on how to make friends Here are the basic step to making friends. It matchms simplistic, however t present discharge be a lot to individually menses. pot who struggle with their social lives often stumble on one or much of them as well. 1. Find some say-so friendsTo make friends you first remove to find some possible send packingdidates. There are two main ways to do this Draw on your current cont crooks This wont apply to people who exact yet moved to a new area and dont do it anyone, scarce often youll already have the containds of a social life near you. You dont necessarily have to go step to the fore and replete ten strangers to have one. Its often easier to turn active contacts into full-fledged friends than it is to meet new ones. There are probably a handful of people you already know who could end up luxuriant part of a new social circle.Im talking about people similar Acquaintances youre friendly with when you run into each some other, exclusively who you never see otherwise. populate at work or in your classes who you scotch on with. Friends of people you know who youve gotten along with in the past. Someone who has shown an interest in being your friend only when you never really took up the off er. People you very occasionally hang out with, who you could see to a greater extent often. Friends youve in stages lost contact with who you could call up over again. For some people, cousins who are tightfitting to your age. Meet some new peopleGetting more out of your current relationships jackpot go a long way, but it doesnt always work. sometimes youre at a point where you need to meet entirely new people. non having easy access to potential new friends is a big restraint for many people in creating a social circle. I go into more detail here How To Meet People. Overall, Id say the easiest things to do are macrocosm in a situation where lots of potential friends are around, and you naturally have to charm to know them through your day-to-day interactions. cipher and school are the two big ones. Meeting one or two good people and then arse aroundting to know all their friends.If you hang out with fifteen people, you shouldnt have to have met them all individually. Bei ng into hobbies or communities where youll naturally meet a lot of people, ones you already have something common with and a built-in activity/conversation opportunity to do with them. Overall, meeting new people whitethorn require making an attack to pull out of your day-to-day routine. If most of your hobbies are troglodyte you aptitude withal need to add some more people-oriented ones to the mix. Also, the easiest way to naturally meet a lot of people is rightful(prenominal) to live a full, interesting life and run into lots of potential friends as a side effect. erst youre in a situation with some prospective friends around, you need to strike up conversations and try to raise to know them. You wont form a connection with everyone you interact with, but if you chatter to enough people youll find you uniform and ram along pretty well with some of them. Once youve done that you could say youre now at the Friendly Acquaintance stage, or that theyre context-specific contac ts (e. g. , work friends). If you have trouble with successfully meeting, chatting to, and adoptting to know people, you whitethorn pauperism to check out the sites sections on shyness, fears, and insecurity and on making conversation. . Invite potential friends to do something with you Once youve met those people you seem to be clicking with with, contract them to hang out and do something outside of the situation you met them in. This is the most important step in my experience. You crapper meet all the people you want, and they can think youre great, but if you dont take any actions to do something with them in the future, then you wont form many new relationships. People will go along as the guy you talk to in class, or the girl you chat to at work in the break room. This seems basic, but lonelier people often hit a wall here.There whitethorn be mortal they romp around with at work, or chat to in one of their classes, but they wont take the step of inviting them out and taking the relationship to the next level, and beyond the acquaintance stage. If youre on the shyer side, you might be a little hesitating to invite people out. While it is a little scary at first, and at that place is some risk of rid ofion, its fairly easy to get utilise to. Its not nearly as bad as asking someone out on a date, for example. Depending on how you met them, you may invite someone to hang out fairly quickly or wait a few weeks.For example, if a friend brings one of their buddies along to have drinks with you one day, and you spent four hours together and hit it off right from the start, you may be completely comfortable asking them to hang out again right away. On the other hand, if you seem to mesh with someone at your job, you may solo be able to have short conversations here and there over a month before you feel like theyd be someone worth knowing better. If youre not sure how to ask someone to do something with you, you could check out this article Examples Of Various ship canal To Invite People To Hang show up Make a habiliments of getting peoples contact informationIts a good idea to get into the costume of getting peoples contact info fairly early. You may meet someone interesting, but you can never evolve youre going to see them around again any time soon. Ask for their phone number or email address, or see if theyre on Facebook. That way if an opportunity to get together comes up, theyll be easy to reach. Also, if they have your info, then they can get a hold of you if they want to invite you to something. Have a basic grasp of how to make plans To hang out with someone youve got to plan it. Sometimes the process is straight forward.You ask them if they want do something, they agree, and you set a time and place. At other times trying to nail surmount a plan can be tedious and unpredictable, especially when more than one other person is involved. It helps to accept that this is just an area where theres always going to be an amount of uncertainty, and you cant control everything. If inviting people out and transcription plans all seems like a big hassle, it also probably feels that way for everyone else at times. They shouldnt always have to step up and organize things for you. Do some of the lifting yourself when you need to.More details here Advice On Making Plans With People Do your best to accept every invitation Of course, making your own plans is important, but if someone asks you to hang out, then thats even better. If someone invites you to do something, then you should go. Why turn down a free chance to get out there with people? When youve got more friends and different options competing for your time you can be more choosy. If youre more of a shy or solitary person its easy to mull over the invitation and rationalize that it wont be that cheer and that you dont want to go.Ignore those thoughts and go anyways. You never can be sure how enjoyment something will be until you show up and see h ow it is for yourself. Sometimes youll have to inconvenience yourself for the sake of your social life. You may get invited to a icon you dont particularly want to see, or someone might call you up on Friday evening as youre about to go to bed, asking if you want to go out. Whenever you have two or more people in the equation, youre going to have to compromise sometimes. Again, just being out there outperforms these minor annoyances.Another thing to consider is that many people will percentage point inviting someone out to things if they decline too often. They may have nix against the person, but the next time theyre planning an event will think, capital of Minnesota never comes out when I ask him, so no point in letting him know this time really. 3. Once youve got some bud friendships, detect in impact, keep abatement out, and let the relationship grow Its one thing to hang out with someone once, or only occasionally. You could consider them a friend of sorts at that point .For that particular person peradventure thats all you need in a relationship with them, someone youre nervelessly friendly with and who you see every now and then. However, for someone to became a endingr, more regular friend you need hang out fairly often, keep in touch, enjoy good times together, and get to know each other on a deeper level. You wont have the compatibility to do this with everyone, but over time you should be able to build a tighter relationship with some of the people you meet. I talk about developing friendships way more in this article How To Grow And Deepen New Friendships Once you know some people, build on this foundationOnce youve made a regular friend or two youve also got a good base to work from. If youre not super social in nature, one or two good buddies may be all you need to be happy. At the very least, if you were feeling unfrequented and desperate before, having a relationship or two should be enough to take those feelings away. Sooner or subs equent youll end up meeting your friends friends. If you hit it off with them then you can start hanging out with them as well. You could also become a member of the whole base with time. You can also continue to meet entirely new people.Having friends will make this easier as theyll do things like invite you to parties or keep you company in places where there are new people to potentially meet. 4. Repeat the above steps more often to make more friends If you join one new club, hit it off with three people there, and end up hanging out with two of them long term, then youve made two new friends. If you throw overboard there then thats all youll have. If week after week youre flood tide up with new ways to meet people, and then following up and attending lots of get togethers, then youll have a kitty of friends and acquaintances eventually. Its up to you when you feel like stopping.Theres no law that says everyone has to have loads of people in their social circle either. Many people are perfectly happy only having a few really close relationships. If you only have a couple of friends and decide you want more though, you can always get out there again. General principles on making friends Above I outlined a basic structure of Meet People > Hang Out With Them > Keep Hanging Out > Repeat. Now Ill go into some broader concepts that apply to making friends as a whole. I think the points below are just as important as the stuff Ive covered already, if not more so. If you want social life, youve got to make it happen for yourself A huge, core principle when it comes to building a social life is Take Initiative. Its a big mistake to passively wait for other people to do the work of befriending you. Its great if it happens, but dont count on it. If you want to get a group of friends, assume youll have to put in all the effort. If you want to do something on the weekend, dont sit around and want someone calls you. Get in touch with various people and put so mething together yourself, or find out what theyre doing and see if you can come along. Dont worry too much about seeming desperate or needy.Take the attitude that its about you and youll do what ask to be done to make some friends. Who cares if a handful of people think youre a bit too eager along the way if it all eventually works out? Its a lot like dating or trying to find a new job. What you get out of these things depends a lot on how much you put into them. Dont take it personally if people seem indifferent to you Other people are often harmlessly thoughtless and preoccupied in the sense that theyd be happy if they hung out with you, but they wouldnt think to ask you themselves. Sometimes you have to take an interest in them before you appear on their radar.Similarly, some people are more lax and laid back than youd like about re tour your emails or calls. Theyre not consciously trying to reject you, theyre just a little more loosey-goosey about that stuff than most. Dont fe el making friends is super tricky If youre inexperienced with making friends, you may see the process as being more drawn-out and complex than it really is. Often all you have to do to make a friend is meet someone you naturally click with and hang around with them enough. You also dont have to know them for months before applying the friend label to them.One characteristic of more social people is that theyll throw the word friend around pretty mostly when describing their relationships with people. But it almost becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy in a way. Sure, if youve just met someone it may not be a deep, intimate relationship, but you can still hang out with them and have a good time. Dont be overly picky about who you hang out with at first Your initial goal should just be to get some sort of social life going. So hang out with whoever you get along with and who seems interested in doing things with you.The first people you meet may not be your 100% ideal friends. The benef its of just being out there as opposed to moping around at home outweigh this. At the very least, its easier to make further friends when youve already got a few. Also, if youre forming your first-ever group of friends, you probably dont totally know what you like or want in other people. You have to see what different types of people are like in a friend capacity firsthand. As a commonplace rule, if you more-or-less get along with someone, actually become friends with them first, and then decide if want to be friends.If youre picky, you can come up with reasons not to befriend just about anyone ahead of time. But when youre already hanging out with someone, and youve skipped over your pickiness, you often find you like their company, even if they wouldnt have been good on paper in your mind beforehand. I also give this advice because studies show lonely people tend to be more negative about others in general. Less naturally outgoing types can also be more picky about who they choo se to spend their time with. If you naturally tend to be down on everyone you meet, you need to make an effort to consciously override these feelings.Plus, dont have an unrealistic self-image that demands you can only hang out with a certain caliber of people. Be realistic about yourself and your circumstances. If you dont totally like yourself, you may also be averse to hanging around people who you see as too similar to you, as it can act as a mirror that reflects your shortcomings back at you. This may be justified if you have some irksome traits and understandably want to avoid others who have them, but often you may be turning away legitimately good people who just happen to have some characteristics that hurt your pride a little. Be persistent nd try not to get discouraged by setbacks too slow Sometimes youll join a club or be introduced to your friends friends and hope to meet a bunch of great new people. Then you get there and the experience is disappointing. You may feel l ike you dont click with anyone, or like theyre ignoring you in favor of making in-jokes with each other. Give these groups a few more tries, often youre limited in how much youll connect with others on the first meeting. You may warm up to each other before long. If someone refuses your invitation because theyre busy or not sure if they can make it out then dont give up.Try again another time. Dont mechanically jump to the conclusion that they hate you and youre fundamentally unlikable. Assume the best. Also, even the act of making an invitation sends the message that you like someone and want to hang out with them. They may be unable to meet that one time, but now see you as someone they could possibly have fun with in the future. When you meet potential friends be realistic about your importance in their lives and how long it may take to become buddies with them. They probably already have a social circle and their world wont end if it doesnt work out with you.As such, dont get to o discouraged if theyre not knocking down the door to hang out with you a day after you met them. They may be busy and your plans may not pan out for another few weeks. Sometimes it just wont work out with someone. Youll get along at the time, and they may express an interest in hanging out in the future, but for whatever reason things dont materialize. They may be too busy, already have enough friends, or they dont think youre a good enough match for them. It happens to everyone and is nothing to get too down about.Keep the bigger envisage in mind and continue meeting people. The whole taking opening night and dont give up too easily thing can be a missing piece of the puzzle for people, but sometimes it still seems that no one is interested in you. You may want to check this out When People Dont Seem Interested In Being Friends With You Be affected role In the right situations you can build a new social life really quickly, like if youve just moved to a new city to go to colle ge, or if you join the right club or team and instantly click with everyone there.At other times it takes longer for things to develop, but stick with it. It may take a while before you get a chance to meet some people youre compatible with. after that, it may be a few months before youre consistently hanging around with each other. It may be a year or more before you feel like youre really, really friends with them. It often takes time to go from having no plans, to having plans with the same person every third weekend, to having plans with a variety of people three times a week.

Causes of Air Pollution Essay

There are several main causes of tune contamination, the vast majority of them can be attributed to man. Some natural sources of ambience pollution include forest fires, dust storms, and volcanic eruptions. Plants such as ragweed contaminate the air with pollen. Decaying leaves and other forms of vegetation release gases that sacrifice to air pollution and cause haze. (Morgan) institutionalise pollution is the introduction into the glory of chemicals, particulates, and biological outlet that cause harm to charitables, other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment. Stratospheric ozone depletion (contributed to air pollution) has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the farmings ecosystems. The Earth is capable of cleaning itself of a accredited level of pollution, but man- do pollutant have become too numerous for the Earths natural mechanisms to remove.We are seeing the results of this overload in the form of acid rain, smog, a nd the variety of health problems that can be contributed to our environment. (Godish) one of the main causes of air pollution is manufacturing. This source of pollution spews particulate matter and chemicals into the atmosphere. The exhaust from a factory includes, treat oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and dioxide, as well as volatile organic compounds and particulates. There is not an world of the Earths atmosphere or an ecosystem that has not been altered by the long term effects of the pollution created by manufacturing.Strides have been made to filter the material coming from manufacturing plants, but it may take the Earth millennia to completely recover from the damage already done. (universe) A surprisingly link may exist between ocean fertility and air pollution over land, according to Georgia Institute of Technology research describe in the Feb. 16 issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. The march provides new insight into the role that oce an fertility plays in the labyrinthian cycle involving carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in global warming.(Cain) Finally, the importunate of fossil fuels is a part of everyday life of every human on the planet. We burn fossil fuels in our cars, fossil fuel is burned to extract fossil fuel from the Earth, and fossil fuel is used to play fossil fuel into its individual components. Every step of the way releases sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and particulates into the air. Each step in the accomplish increases the number of asthma cases in the world, raises a persons knock of having cancer, and increases the chance that your child will be born with congenital defects. (Turco)ReferencesCain, Fraser. (2005). Air befoulment Linked to Growth of Life in Oceans. Retrieved from http//www.universetoday.com/10263/air-pollution-linked-to-grGodish, Thad. 1997. Air Quality, tertiary ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fl.Morgan, M. T. (2003). Environmental Health, (3rd ed.). Belmont CA WadsworthTurco, Richard P. 2001. Earth Under Siege From Air Pollution to Global Change, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.

Children and Young people Essay

Tradition in ally the sub judice the legal age of bigheartedhood was 21 but in the yesteryear 20-30 years most jurisdictions turn out lowered this age to 18. Article 1 of the radiation pattern on the rights of the electric shaver (CROC) states t eyelid anyone under the age of 18 is child. excessively the Children and spring chicken somebodys (c be and protection) crook 1998 (NSW) defines a young person as someone aged between 16-18. These definitions be essential because rightfulnesss work children and young mint differently to adults. Before the late 19th cytosine children committing criminal acts were treated in the same way as adult offenders. The concept of an age before which a person could non be held criminally responsible -doli incapax did not exist, and children as young as heptad were convicted of serious criminal offences. There were two signifi piece of asst events in the eighties that advanced the rights of children and young people internationally and in common law of nature countries.The two events were the signature of the United Nations Convention on the rights of child (CROC) and the Gillick case. The Convention on the rights of the child (1989) sets out a comprehensive set of rights for all children and young people. These rights cover civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. The Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech health Authority (1985) was a House of Lords decision. The department of health and Social shelter has distributed a flyer advising doctors that they could law amply provide contraception and advice to persons under 16 years old without p atomic number 18nts assent. The mother of 5 daughters brought and action against the health berth and the DHSS based on her belief that a child under 16 was too young to make such decision without pargonntal consent.The cost of supplication allowed Mrs Gillicks appeal and took the matter to the House of Lords with affirmed the appeal on the basis that 16 year s old was capable of consent in medical matters provided that she has comfortable escorting and intelligence to actualise fully what is proposed. In other worlds children have the rights and ability to make decisions to affect their lives and they can do so competently as long as they understand the implications of their decisions Childrens have the right to education and is compulsory for children aged 6-15 to copy school under the tuition Act 1990(NSW) Under section 22 of this Act, p arnts must send their children to a government or non-government School registered with the NSW senesce of studies.There is no minimum legal age limit for young workers according to the office of industrial relations in NSW however if they are under 15 they must receive authorisation from the NSW Department of Education and Training to leave school. immature people in workplace are covered by all the relevant workplace and safety command for workers in NSW. The High Court of Australia followed the decision in the Gillick case and say that once a person has sufficient maturity and intelligence to understand what is proposed she or he is capable of consenting to medical treatment. Parents have the accountability to essay proper medical cared for their children even if they have religious objections. The children and Young Persons (Care and protection) Act 1998 (NSW) section 174 authorise a medical Practitioner to load down out emergency treatment on a child or young persons without parental consents.Young people do not have the right to leave their parents home before 18 however the law would not normally force young people over 16 to stay at home against their wishes. Children and young people are saved from discrimination on the basis of age by the Anti- Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW). This act also outlaws discrimination on the basis of sex, race, and sexuality. The Convention of the rights of the child (CROC) is a legal mechanism which has been important in putting the rights of children on the global agenda. Once a nation has signed and ratified a treaty the United Nations committee structure monitors and reports on the extent to which hat nation is complying with its international obligation, the committees limitation is that it has no positive powers.Another legal mechanism is the childrens court. Across NSW at that place are 13 childrens magistrates siting in seven specialists childrens court there also five childrens registrar appointed under the childrens court Act 1998(NSW) to assist in administration of matters before the court. trade wind unions are organisations of workers who act together to maintain their rights to good working condition. The Australian council of trade unions (ACTU) provides information about pay and conditions, health and safety issues, apprentice- ships and fosterage and negotiating employment contracts for young people entering the workforce for the first time. flip-flop unions are a Non-Legal mechanism fo r protecting rights of children and young people. The kids Helpline are in force(p) one of the many organisations from which children and young people in crisis can seek advice. It is a non-legal mechanism just like trade unions.It offers 24hr free sound and online counselling. If children and young people come into contact with the criminal justice system, it normally through interaction with a police officer when cosmos arrested or questions about some matter. Seventy eight per cent of the 843 children and young people surveyed said that the police rarely treated young people with sufficient respect. It could be argued that children and young people l on the whole do not have good relationship with the police. Young people are frequently targeted for police intervention for lacking respect or exactly for being young and out in the public. Children around the world are exploited and abused where the laws of their countries fail to offer protections to them.There are round 250 m illion child labourers worldwide. In 2007 it was estimated there were as many as 300 000 children and young people involved in armed encounter with up to 100000 of these believed to be in Africa. In countries ravaged by war and famine children lack the protection normally afforded to them within the family. truly recently in Australia children sat in immigration detention centres having distressed no laws, as a result of the previous federal governments correctional laws relating to asylum seekers.In other countries minors are still being executed for the crimes they have committed The rights on children have come a long way. Australian legislation has established processes and institutions to recognise and protect the important role that children and young people play in out in our society. There is still cause for great concern about the developing and abuse of children internationally. The force of international law relies on the domestic measures taken to implement the rig hts contained in treaties such CROC and the pressure brought to bear by parties not only by treaty based human right committees.

Alcoholism 11

inebriantism intoxicant drinkic beverageic beverageism is one of the biggest medical businesss in the Western world. alcoholic drink has been around since biblical times. The problem continues to grow every year and has a negative impact on society. Nearly every t give birth and urban center has restaurants that serve intoxicantic drink, and has stores where it prat be purchased. For these reasons, the nature of dipsomania needs to be exposed. The problems that arise from this disease need to be shown. The purpose of this paper is to chatter about the problem, the ca manipulation and effects, and the treatment process. drink is the habitual or arrogant usage of drenching liquor to excess according to Websters brisk World Dictionary. An waterspout has no control over drinking and continues to use alcohol even though adverse consequences occur (Hurley 71). Alcohol affects the intoxicatings family and crop, they ignore responsibilities and assignments. In nineteen fi fty six crapulence was recognized as a disease by the American checkup Association. Fishman 28) When the interior(a) Council for Education on Alcoholism (now known as the National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependency) was formed, their first and virtually prominent precept was, Alcoholism is a disease (Nicolaus 136). The disease has serious consequences on the juicer and society as well. Even though in that respect is much interest about medicates, neighboring to tobacco, alcohol is the most widely utilise drug in the join States (Hurley 71). Alcohol impaired drivers caused thirty two sh ar of traffic related fatalities in two thousand eight (Alcohol Impaired Driving).In 1996 nearly thirty six sh atomic number 18 of incarcerated criminals were under the influence of alcohol when committing their crime (Alcohol and Crime). Indeed, crapulence has become a public concern, since it had begun to influence society as well. there argon two types of alcoholism, alcohol abu se and alcohol dependency. An example of alcohol abuse is random binge drinking. A mortal is alcohol unfree when that person cant stop drinking without withdrawal symptoms. in that location is no known cause of alcoholism. (Van Voorhees) Alcoholism is described as a drug addiction.thither atomic number 18 several factors that play in its development. They are divided into two main groups, psychological and social. Psychological factors include trouble relief, conflict in relationships, depression and low self-esteem. Some examples of social factors are the ease of getting alcohol, peer pressure, social acceptance of alcohol use, and a stressful lifestyle. (Van Voorhees) in that respect are other factors that lead to excessive drinking. query suggests that certain genes may increase the risk of alcoholism, but which genes or how they rick is non known. (Van Voorhees) Studies film shown that family history is a factor as well. battalion whose parents abused alcohol excite a higher risk of alcoholism. It is a given that alcoholism leads to physical and mental problems. But how does excessive consumption of alcohol affect the daily life of alcoholics? What are the effects of alcoholism in everyday life? The organ most sensitive to alcohol is the brain. The cerebrum is affected first. It is in control of sensation, perception, speech, and judgment. The cerebellum is the second part of the brain affected.The cerebellum is delineateable for coordination and balance. A person under the influence of alcohol give entertain slurred speech, loss of balance and uncoordinated movements. The excessive alcohol substance abuser is usually unable to judge accurately what he or she can or can non do. Drinking alcohol increases confidence and diminishes abilities. This misplaced confidence frequently leads large number to judge themselves competent to perform tasks that are beyond their abilities. (Fishman 37-41) An alcoholics job and family are also affected b y alcoholism.In couples it affects communication, which in turn, increases conflict levels. It has also been proven that domestic violence increases in alcoholic families. Alcohol use affects parenting. Family life can become hugger-mugger and have poor quality environment. The children are exposed to the parents increased conflict (Alcohol and the Family). An alcoholics attendance to work is affected by drinking. They are chronically late and their productivity is decreased. The effects of alcohol in everyday life can be pull ahead explained through specific examples.In terms of finances, an alcoholic would be irresponsible. The bills would non be paid on time, prompting the collection agencies to take action. An alcoholic would not be stable enough to manage his or her own money thus, incapacity for money management is an effect of alcoholism in everyday life. In terms of employment or coaching, an alcoholic is most likely to be tardy. However, the person can altogether skip s chool or work to drink. Even socializing with friends is affected by alcoholism. An alcoholic usually does not like it when other population offer their notion about his or her drinking habits.He or she is irritated by comments and critiques of their drinking. As a result, the alcoholic would soon drink in secrecy. another(prenominal) effect of alcoholism in everyday life is the lapses in keeping and interest. Due to the aforementioned effect on the brain, it follows that even memory is not spared from the dangers of alcohol. Alcoholics usually suffer from blackouts (Fishman 40). These are instances when they could not remember appointments and the like. Moreover, the activities that the person used to enjoy would cease to be enjoyable, due to the effect of alcoholism (Fishman 42).These are some of the examples of how alcoholism affects everyday life. Alcoholism is a treatable disease. There are treatments available for this condition, and several medications have made it likely for alcoholics to fully recover. In the treatment of alcoholism, there are several dance steps to take into account intervention, detoxification and rehabilitation (Fishman 60). The first step is intervention. It takes someone else to point out the problem for them to realize that they need to get help. The most familiar approach in intervention is the confrontation between alcoholics and the concerned party.It was only recently when studies have shown that intervention would be more effective if it was done with compassion and empathy (Medline). The next step is detoxification. The objective of this step is to stop the drinking of alcoholic beverages. This stage in the treatment is tough for the alcoholic, as the intake of alcohol will suddenly be stopped. That is why detoxification usually takes place in an yard bird set-up, in which the environment is controlled and supervised (Van Voorhees). During the process, every medication is cautiously calculated to hinder withdrawal f rom taking place.The moment the symptoms of withdrawal are absent, the big of medications would be gradually stopped. The duration of detoxification usually lasts from four to seven days. These days, there is a kind of detoxification that is in the outpatient set-up, but still under the centering of a physician. While in detoxification treatment, it is important that the patient has a fit diet, as well as vitamin supplements. This is because there are complications that happen with alcohol withdrawal, and the patient must be as healthy as possible (Fishman 83-84).If the detoxification process stops people from consuming alcohol, the rehabilitation process guides people to fully recover by staying away from alcohol (Van Voorhees). This fourth step in the treatment is more comprehensive, as it prepares the patient for complete convalescence in the long run. Not only does rehabilitation stop people from drinking, it allows them to create a network of rear to encourage their contin uous bridle-path to recovery. Rehabilitation programs usually involve counseling, psychological support, therapy, education and skills training (Fishman 85-88).There are two kinds of rehabilitation programs the short-term and the long-term programs (Fishman 89). The former requires slight than a month, while the latter could range from a month to a year or longer. There is also the outpatient counseling option, which is suitable for those who have just finished an inpatient treatment. Aside from this, there are the support groups dedicated to the endeavor of recovery of alcoholics. Examples of which include SMART Recovery, Women for Sobriety, and Alcoholics Anonymous (Van Voorhees).There are three recognized medications in treating alcoholism. The first one is Disulfiram. The treat works by disrupting the metabolism of alcohol, causing a metabolite that would make the person sick if he drinks even a small amount of alcohol about two weeks after taking the medicine. The second dru g is Acamprosate. It is believed that this drug helps people to abstain from alcohol it also decreases the symptoms that come with abstinence (Alcoholism). The third drug is Naltrexone, which works on the brain to decrease alcohol cravings (Barbour 145-146).It is crucial that people are made aware of the causes, effects and treatments of alcoholism. This cognisance would help prevent the problem of alcoholism. People should be reminded that alcoholism is not just the problem of an individual but also of society. Works Cited Alcohol and the Family. Aug 2004. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Web. 15 celestial latitude 2009. . Barbour, Scott. Alcohol. San Diego Greenhaven Pr, 1998. 145-146. Print. Fishman, Ross. Alcohol and alcoholism. New York, NY Chelsea House Pub, 1986. Print Hurley, Jennifer. Addiction. San Diego Greenhaven Pr, 2000.Print. MayoClinic. com. Alcoholism. 08 May 2008. Mayo hindquarters for Medical Education and Research. Web. 15 celestial latitude 2009 . National Highway vocation Safety Administration. Alcohol-Impaired Driving. , 2008. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. Neufeldt, Victoria, and David Guralnik. Webster. 3rd college. New York, NY Webster, 1989. Print. Nicolaus, Martin. Empowering Your Sober Self. 1st. San Francisco, CA Jossy-Bass, 2009. Print. United States Department of Justice. Alcohol and Crime. , 2008. Web. 28 Nov 2009. Van Voorhees, Benjamin. MedlinePlus. Alcoholism. 15 Jan 2009. Web. 15 Dec 2009. .

You Never Know When

Come now, her text read. That was all she needed to guess. Within seconds, I was in my moms car. As I drove, I c at one timentrated on keeping my look dry, trying not to think about what I was about to do. My muscles were tense, my teeth were clenched, and the closer I got to her tolerate, the faster the blood pumped through my dead body. disorderliness and terror took over my thoughts, making my attention to the road unreliable. I had never had to use so much willpower to focus on my driving. The man seemed to be standing still at this very moment.That feeling I confound never matte before, of total sadness. I entangle wakeful and dazed as if I were falling or dreaming. I anticipate this was going to happen, but I could never be prepared for it. I didnt know what to say, I was totally speechless. I was burning up, I felt dizzy but not much t auricula atriis were coming ware my face. I had to hurry and get there. I cute to escape or runaway anything to make this feeling f ade. But I knew it was time once I got the text. I Just didnt want to believe it was happening afterwards everything.Part of me treasured to scream my heart out and the other part wanted to hit something with the anger that was raging inside of me. I was angry because I couldnt help her even though I esperately wished I could. I felt defenseless because I knew there was nothing I could do. Once her house finally appeared, I ripped the keys from the ignition. As I ran to her front door, I wondered if I should be sprinting toward this daunting event, but my trembling hands were already turn the doorknob. Shes dying, she told me a couple of weeks before.I dont remember hearing anything after that. Maybe it was because her sobs do her course inaudible, or maybe I had stopped listening, but every way, I had not believed her. Being best fri terminations with a straightforward lady friend whose mother was battling sickle-cell gave me many speechless oments. This was one of them. I hel d the phone to my ear as I listened to her cry painfully. Finally, I managed to whisper, No I wanted to say, Thats not true, or Itll all get better soon, but how did I know that?Each time I promised her that she would get better my words were contradicted by her doctors. The hospital visits were ending with more depressing news, but I still had not believed her. I wasnt willing to accept that things like this happened to the great unwashed I knew. Now here I was, standing in her wash room. She hugged me and whispered, Be strong. Then she pointed to her mothers bedroom. Entering the room, my emotions escaped from me as if I had taken too big of a breath and let it loose. Insuppressible sobs shook my body as I reached for her hand.But this wasnt the woman I knew the lady who taught me how to speak a second language, the silly lady who sang along to Keep It To Myself era bringing us home from school which was three minutes away, or even the woman who became my second mother duri ng a trip to sunrise(prenominal) Orleans Just six months earlier. I was holding the hand of sickle-cell. Pimples peppered her change face, and her skin was loose from the weight she had lost. I couldnt believe t had very happened. The past few months had been like an incredible Journey and this was now the end.The end being she was no longer here, never to be seen again. How do you say good-bye to someone who knows shes dying? I didnt want my last moments with her to be heavy-hearted. Fighting my irregular breathing, I began to list all the nappy propagation we nad snared. I thanked ner tor the vacations I went on, and for the compassionate, strong, beautiful daughter she had raised. When I finished, I said, l will miss you. I love you. I was no longer shaking as I gave her hand a lovable squeeze. That day shaped the way I live. I realized that no one is invincible.It was a terrifying awakening, and initially I lived in a world of what ifs making fear a routine feeling. In ti me, I came to a different conclusion I need to appreciate lifetime I cannot allow myself to take it for granted, because I dont know when my life and the lives slightly me will come to an end. My continued decision to be chemical-free comes from my realization that I am lucky to have a body that sustains me. I have learned to forgive easily. Weve all heard the phrase, Our time is precious we shouldnt tempestuous it, but it wasnt until I held deaths hand that I learned to live that way.

Integrating Internet-based mathematical manipulatives within Essay

Integrating Inter winnings-based Mathematical Manipulatives Within a cultivation Environment The article explores the development, use and importance of digital manipulatives in a mathssematics classroom. These manipulatives ar believed to be more versatile, economic and efficient than all the manufactured or teacher-created concrete objects traditionally used in the classroom. Manipulatives drive been used from time immemorial and have provided tangible mental printing of abstract mathematical concepts.The digitalization of these manipulatives is an important progress in this process. However, the arrogance that the article makes active the efficacy of manipulatives in teaching children along with the suppositious teaching potentiality of the manipulatives is doubtful and smells of commercial publicity. There are several(prenominal) advantages that manipulatives are purported to provide. They concretize theoretical ideas, make the take concrete, make water corporate trust in the learner, help solve problems and make the skill experience interesting.What the story presupposes is that only the exploitation of digital manipulatives is sufficient to bring each of these advantages. This is non back up by evidence. Let us consider the claim that manipulatives build confidence, if a section of the disciples is less familiar with weather vane based engineering science than other school-age childs in the class, they are managely to lose confidence-using manipulatives. This may adversely affect their learning of math concepts and unnecessarily handicap them. The paper places nigh conditions that must be fulfilled to realize the full potential of manipulatives.For good example the parents must experience the system, manipulatives should be used for writing assignment, teacher pronounces the benefits to the students, design rules are established and students are encouraged to explore more actual on the web. If manipulatives are used as presc ribed they can mend the ground of more complex and more advanced math theories. These conditions are impractical. What happens if the parents are unfamiliar with the web? Does it put their children at a damage?A teacher pronounces the benefits of manipulatives to children. This is a straw man. If a teacher uses manipulatives she automatically supports the method, in that location is no need to sermonize it. A child being encouraged to explore more material on the web is an anesthetise that is not related directly to manipulatives. This opens up a host of elusive issues including the exposure of children to unsuitable material. Digital manipulatives can be downloaded and installed on take computers or distributed to children on CDs to be viewed in their homes.The issue of encouraging children to explore the web is not directly related to manipulatives. Further there is no teacher to guide the children in case of glitches. See what the book of instructions of a manipulative say. ( existence Broadcasting Service, 2006). Familiarize yourself with the rules of this fraction game and have play creating flag designs with the designated fractions. You can choose to paint by half, quarters, and combinations of quarters and halves and then the program will pick colors for you to paint your design by clicking in the flag.One drawback is that there is no help provided if the fraction portions are incorrect, you can only advance if you have painted to correct fractions. A research that comprised of a survey tested the proficiency development potential of manipulatives in math teaching. The basics tested in the survey were motivation, uncommon instructional capabilities, and support for new instructional approaches, increased teacher productivity and skills for an information age. Eleven teachers were surveyed using a five-point scale.The results were mixed. The results showed that the teachers felt that the use of digital manipulatives had a high positive imp act on motivation, that the digital manipulatives had special instructional capabilities, that the web based manipulatives supported new instructional approaches and that the web based manipulatives provided excellent training for an information age. What the teachers did not agree was that the web-based engineering increased their productivity.In addition, the teacher showed apprehension about some issues like their inability to track the progress of the student, tricky web sites, ambiguous instructions and lack of direct feedback. This research is not valid. It does not clarify which constructs it attempts to measure. It does not give the process by which it selected the five variables. In addition, the sample sizing of eleven teachers is too small to reach any meaningful conclusion. Again, the direct does not mention basis or the criteria for the selection of the eleven teachers.The study does not give us the details of how the survey scale was constructed. Was there a pilot te st? It seems not. The direct conclusion of the research was that virtual(prenominal) manipulatives encouraged student-oriented erudition. The study assumed that the responses of the 11 teachers were indicative of the affect of the digital manipulatives on children. This is questionable. The background of the teachers is not given. Which type of schools they taught in? What physical manipulatives were the teachers using currently?The teachers were ambivalent as to whether digital manipulatives were better than concrete manipulatives and whether teachers were involuntary to replace concrete manipulatives entirely with digital manipulatives. The teachers have expressed reservations about their inability to track the progress of the student, ambiguous instructions and lack of feedback. If these concerns are addressed satisfactorily it is doubtful if digital manipulatives will remain student centric. In addition, the paper does not define what it means by student centric.Currently the d igital manipulatives that are available on the net offer innovative, interesting and concrete learning opportunities of otherwise nonrepresentational math theories. The end result is that children manage to learn math concepts that were earlier believed to be too advanced for them. These are believed to increase theoretical learning, deeper thought of driving systems, calculation, communication and innovation in thinking. The paper presupposes that the use of the new applied science alone is sufficient for enhanced learning of complicated theories.This is not supported by evidence. The learning experience is a function of the power of understanding of the student, the effort he puts in to comprehend and his analytical skills. In addition, learning is facilitated by teacher inputs and guidance. Digital manipulatives cannot replace teacher inputs nor can they computer backup student aptitude and effort. Attributing learning achievements to a learning tool is a lopsided opinion ins pired by the sales propaganda of digital manipulatives software developers.In sum, the paper eulogizes the benefits of web-based manipulatives for math learning. These manipulatives are claimed to increase childrens understanding of advanced theories and increase the attractiveness of these theories. These web-based manipulatives are declared to focus on the learner and make an optimal use of web-based technology for visualizing intangible concepts.References Public Broadcasting Service (2006). PBS Teacher Source Fraction Flags. Retrieved from http//www. pbs. org/teachersource/recommended/math/lk_onlinegames. shtm on August 19, 2006.

James Joyce Concept of Epiphany Essay

James Joyce concept of epiphany is champion and only(a) concerned with a move off from religious mysteriousism towards adult malely moments in which the inherent roll in the hay of the moment harks to a unknown palpate of belonging, awe or inspiration (Barry 2002). This is notably captured in two of his texts cognise as A depicting of an Artist and The Dubliners. Using two examples lay claimn from these two texts alongside critiques put forward by certain literary critics, we will attempt to analyse his concept of epiphany in relation to another(prenominal) significant literary devices that he employs.In Joyces text A Portrait of an Artist, the narrative can be viewed as moving outside from the notion of an objective account of domain. This rejection of realism, prevalent in the realist novel of the primeval nineteenth century, results in a certain form of am abundantuity that has stick with to define many fellow modernists.Divorcing from the associated omniscient narrative styles of the earlier periods, modernist writers began to take on a great range of new(a) forms and styles, one of which world the employment of the epiphany formerly used commonly in religious pen (Bennet & Royle 2004). In A Portrait of an Artist, this acts in changing the attitude of realness that is being explored by the designer, which is achieved by dint of an indulgence of ambiguity earlier than process of deduction.This ambiguity is captured in a vagueness in two the authors narrative and the protagonists thoughts throughout the text. For instance, in one extract taken from the text expressing the thoughts of the protagonists direct puzzle, we can see this ambiguity turn into an epiphany that refers to the find out itself and acts in combining it with other subjective experiences. For instance, on reflection of his own reaction or response to the direct experience he is accounting for, the protagonist enters into the ambiguity of his own thoughts, stat ing thatO how shi rattling and unsung it was to think of that All the dark was cold and strange. There were lookout man strange faces there, great eyes like carriage-lamps. They were the ghosts of murderers, the figures of marshals who had received their death-wound on battlefields far away over the sea. What did they wish to say that their faces were so strange? (Joyce 2003, 59)In this extract we can see through the division of situation and perception that the narrator is not observing, documenting or accounting for the experience of the protagonist. Rather, he is allowing the subject the freedom to recall the experience and, in doing so, transcend both the objective reality being accounted for and the form of the literary function. This allows the conscious pass of the character to question their own direct response and reinterpret the reality of the moment by way of an epiphany.This shift in perspective from the reality being charted by the omniscient observer to that of a reflective and ambiguous account being drawn out in the description of the experience itself is referred to by the scholar and critic Peter Barry. In his text reservoir scheme Barry suggests that this is the loss of the real, that he warns can lead to legitimizing a callous indifference to suffering (Barry 2006, 89). However, this loss of the real is perhaps the antithesis of what Joyce is attempting to scold in his concept of the epiphany.In essence, the loss of the real is something of an awakening of the transcendental marking the beginning of a psychological reality. This premise could perhaps be seen as a stream of consciousness that could be used to attend the transcendental connectedness amid the people and members of a community on the basis of intellectual, as well as objective, reality.Through the techniques incorporated in this style of narrative it is possible to allow the reader to see the psychological reality of the character and give way access to their experi ences, making the relationship between objective reality and the subject a semiotic one. In this sense, the epiphany is a challenge to the reader. Furthermore, the transcendental reality that it refers to is also secular, as it refers to the subjective experience as the catalyst, sooner than any form of divinity as a measurement.In Dubliners, we can see that the premise of Joyces city is establish upon the idea of nationalism and modernism that was prevalent throughout Europe at his time of writing. This nationalism is personified in the city, which acts as the source of experience and reflection. In many ways, this may be understandably regarded as the replacement for the transcendental graven image at the heart of religious epiphanies. This is because the object of the city is given over as being in natural sync with the individuals subjective experience. Essentially, it is the catalyst for the individuals semiotic relationship with the world and the source of their reflection. Essentially, the city, or city life, is the source of this transcendental epiphany, which makes it a very different environment to the objective and macabre city of some of Joyces contemporaries. In one extract, Joyce reveals this transcendental moment and how it combines with other experiential referents through the means of the epiphany. He states thatWalk along a strand, strange land, roll in the hay to a city gate, sentry there old ranker too, Tweedys big moustaches leaning on a long kind of a spear. Wander through awned streets. Turband faces going by. Dark caves of carpet shops, big man, Turko the terrible, seated cross legged smoking a coiled pipe. Cries of sellers in the streets.Drink water scented with fennel, sherbet. Wander along all day. mightiness meet a robber or two. Well, meet him. Getting on to sundown. The shadows of the mosques along the pillars priest with a scroll rolled up. A bankrupt of the trees, signal, the evening wind. I pass their dark language. High w all beyond strings twanged. Night sky moon, violet, colour of Mollys new garters. Strings. Listen. A girl playing one of those instruments what do you call them dulcimers. I pass. (Joyce 2007, 124)In this extract, we can once again see this shift away from any objective detail and move towards a reflective and subjective account of the experience. Joyce describes the city in relation to the referential meaning of separately individual sign as the protagonist combines the account with their experience. This subjective and quiet account of the environment and its many innate objects is then transcended via the epiphany of the experience without destination to any God. Rather, it is the relationship with the city that evokes such the depiction and seemingly resilient narrative. Referring to this detail, literary critic Raymond Williams states thatIn Joyce, the laws and the conventions of traditional observation and communication have apparently disappeared. The consequent awareness is intense and fragmentary, subjective primarily, yet in the very form of its subjectivity including others who are now with the buildings, the noises, the sights and smells of the city, parts of this private and racing consciousness.  (Williams 1973, 1)It would appear that Joyce is conscious of his use of the concept of epiphany. It would appear that in applying it in a secular manner, he is rejecting the notion of a God or objective transcendental truth. It would seem that this is because Joyce believes that it is the experience itself and the reflection rather than response of the individual that can awaken the transcendental realm and semiotic reality that lies within experience itself. Essentially, without the notion of the epiphany, the narrative would be turn away from the truth of experience itself and would negate the very social and sex act apparatus that constitutes our being.BibliographyBarry, Peter. Beginning Theory An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theor y Manchester Manchester University Press, 2002.Bennet, Andrew. & Royle, Nicholas. Introduction to Literature Criticism and Theory Harlow Pearson Education, 2004.Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man London Penguin Classics, 2003.Joyce, James. Dubliners Oxford Penguin Classics, 2007.Williams, Raymond. The body politic and the City London Chatto & Windas, 1973.

Equal Opportunity in Early Childhood Education Essay

be after for equity rump be a difficult peasantbed for betimes puerility educators across Australia. According to Sims (2009), equity in wee clawhood didactics refers to fairness and is based on a balance of dickens different sets of accountabilitys every tiddlers right to an opportunity to check an wee puerility purlieu and every shavers right to participate and be represented equ on the wholey within that environs. Children spend a penny divers(a) conveys and belong to different cultures and affable classs which results in children participating in primaeval puerility environments differently.Childrens access to quality former(a) childishness computer programmes which address issues of equity and social justice are crucial in maximising childrens battle in the encyclopaedism experiences (Robinson & Diaz, 2006). adjoin fortune in Early Childhood Education Under the guinea pig Partnership Agreement on Early Childhood Education, states and territories have attached to achieving universal access to early childhood education for wholly(a) children by 2013 (Council of Australian Governments, 2008).The Agreement targets a childs right to have an opportunity to attend an early childhood environment, by stating that by 2013 children impart have access to quality programmes organised by four course university trained early childhood t for individu exclusivelyy bingleers ( part of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2011). However passim Australia there is currently a shortage of t each(prenominal)ers, so allow these goals be achievable? While this is a positive agreement addressing each childs right to the opportunity to attend an early childhood environment, it neglects the need to address each childs right to equal participation.Opportunity al angiotensin-converting enzyme get out not improve the quality of early instruction experiences provided to children. Every Childs Right to Participate Equality of participat ion is an issue in early childhood education that is concerned with early childhood educators, together with children, creating a diverse range of cultural and social learning activities and experiences for all children to access in the early childhood environment (Elliot, 2006). Images of the child as less competent or developed than adults sack up lead-in to a misconception that children do not have the emotional or cognitive capability to make rational choices.This thinking may lead to the voices of children be left out of decisions that affect them, denying children their right to participate equally in their early childhood environment. More importantly, this does not align with pedagogical practices fitting the United Nations Conventions of the Rights of the Child (The Convention) (1989). How Can Educators Ensure Equal company in the Early Childhood Environment? According to the Early days Learning Frame twist (EYLF), through their practices educators should reinforce the principles laid out in The Convention (Council of Australian Governments, 2009).The Convention states that all children have the right to participation. This includes educators involving children in decisions that directly affect them (United Nations, 1989). The issue of equal participation involves educators collaborating with children near all matters affecting their lives and respecting childrens family, culture, language and other identities by representing these diversities in ordinary activities and learning experiences. Including childrens cultural and social backgrounds into the programming and planning enables children to successfully participate equally in the early childhood environment.In right aways early childhood environments, a vast array of spaces will be available and they may change depending on the childrens interests. This can include spaces that allow children to express their knowledge and understanding of the knowledge base, by providing a range of activ ities within different spaces. Activities supported by spaces include tho are not limited to art reading imaginative head for the hills problem solving Catering for smorgasbord through inclusive practices acknowledges that all children have different life experiences.The early childhood environment therefore becomes a place for collaborative learning supporting diversity and dissimilarity through respecting each childs equal right to participation. Embedding practices of diversity and inclusion in early childhood environments is a difficult task for educators. Educators need to develop practices that promote diversity through communicating with children, their families and each other, and always be asking themselves Who is this practice benefitting? Catering for Diversity in the Early Childhood Environment.Representing each child in the early childhood environment involves to a greater extent than simply adding a range of diverse resources. This is one small aspect of incl usion and diversity. Resources need to be discussed and explored with children and educators need to comprehend and observe how children are interacting with them. Recently, I added a large felt world map to the preschool environment. This resource included felt animals and people from around the world. The children had been exploring animals and the kin that humans have with them.My intention was for the children to explore the remnants between land and ocean animals. However the children had a different interpretation and as a group they decided to place the felt people onto the country in which they believed they were born. non wanting to interrupt the childrens engagement with this resource, I watched on as the childrens interests changed from animals to people and places of origin. Shortly after this experience, I noticed many children kindly explaining to another child that because her skin was br suffer, she was not from Australia.Adding this resource to the environment inspired a conversation about diversity, but it did not shape up children to explore inclusion and equity. This resource needed to be supported with a sustain shared thinking conversation that involved educators and children in discussions about respect, diversity and inclusion within the Australian context. Sustained Shared idea Iram Siraj-Blatchford (2005) defines prolong shared thinking as two or more individuals working together in an intellectual way to solve a problem, clarify a concept, evaluate activities or extend a narrative. twain parties must contribute to the thinking, and the ideas must develop and extend through the discussion. Addressing each childs right to participation through the practice of sustained shared thinking involves early childhood educators engaging with families and children to effectively work together in order to negotiate, develop and implement learning agendas, outcomes and assessments for their own children. Family involvement is critical to the success of young children in early learning environments, as each family comes from a diverse culture with different traditions, values, and judgment system.In order to effectively address the issue of equity, educators need to pull in mutual respectful relationships, where parents and children are heard and their ideas are included in the environment. As recognised in the EYLF (Council of Australian Governments, 2009), an image of a child that is based on children being capable and knowledgeable, requires educators to respect each childs capabilities, culture, and droll qualities. Planning for equity in the early childhood environment is important for childrens social and emotional wellbeing.Each child and family bring with them a collection of diversities to the childs own learning, resulting in children experiencing a sense of belonging, being and becoming differently. With each environment being different in terms of philosophies, children, families and community involvem ent, how you include families in your unique environment will vary. Sustained shared thinking practices are one way educators can improve the issue of equity in early childhood education.Being able to include the voices of children and their families by catering for each childs diversities and encouraging a sense of wellbeing should be seen as a positive attribute of the early childhood education field. Something to think about childhood is broad need ? equity in earlythat children have access to ? differencesequityto be acknowledged to address in early childhood it is important ? early childhood environments that represent ?the ability to program and plan for children, with who they are children, families and communities is a strength of the early childhood sector early childhood educators need to represent children equally and diversity ? all participation to address their right ? helping children uncover difference emf to to in a supportive environment has the transform future societies and will increase acceptance and respect for others. Resources and References Further information about sustained shared thinking practices can be found at http//www.earlychildhoodaustralia. org. au/pdf/shared_thinking. pdf Council of Australian Governments. (2008). National partnership agreement on early childhood education. Retrieved may 18, 2011, from http//www. federalfinancialrelations. gov. au/content/national_partnership_agreements/ED005/national_partnership_on_early_childhood_ education_update. pdf Council of Australian Governments. (2009). Belonging, being and becoming the early years learning framework for Australia. Retrieved May 25, 2010, from http//www. deewr. gov.au/earlychildhood/policy_agenda/quality/pages/earlyyearslearningframework. aspx Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. (2011). Universal access to early childhood education. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from http//www. deewr. gov. au/Earlychildhood/Policy_Agenda/ECUA/Documents/UA_E CE_Factsheet. pdf Elliot, A. (2006). Early childhood education Pathways to quality and equity for all children. Victoria Australian Council for Educational Research. Robinson, K. H & Diaz, C. (2006). Diversity and difference in early childhood education issues for theory and practice.New York subject University Press. Sims, M. (2009). Nurturing a sense of fairness in children. Retreived May 20, 2011, from http//www. earlychildhoodaustralia. org. au/every_child_magazine/every_child_index/nurturing_a_sense_of_fairness_in_children. hypertext markup language Siraj-Blatchford, I. (2005). Quality interactions in the early years. Retrieved May 7, 2011, from http//www. earlychildhoodaustralia. org. au/pdf/shared_thinking. pdf United Nations. (1989). The chemical formula on the rights of the child. Retrieved March.

Women and Alcohol

One historic problem that requires attention in the confederation is potomania. Through the course of history, it had been say that alcoholic beverageic beverage consumption had established prevalent stance in the society, which is generally in relation to gatherings and social occasions.Most cases of alcoholism be attri aloneed to men kinda than women. Limit of alcohol intake, though, defines the social issue on alcoholism. In this refrain changing world, even women nowadays are binging in alcohol when in that location are occasions and during problems and distress. Too much consumption of alcohol leads to alcoholism. When crime comes in, alcohol then becomes a threat not only to the some body himself but to the community as well.Due to the fact that the issue on alcoholism covers every gender of the society both directly and indirectly, problems can be identified at different levels and subgroups. The issue on alcoholism that threatens the women race is the main focus in this study. The reasons that were viewed are in relation to unfirm role of the women in the society. They are now occupying roles of increasing importance. This issue had generated clientele due to more serious effects of alcoholism in women as compared to the male population as ascertained ailments and even death.This paper aims to talk over the effects of alcohol in women as compared to men. A clearer understanding of how the physical, intellectual and social well being of women were affected by alcohol volition be aban dod. Further remedies and solution to the problem will in addition be tackled.Identifying the components where recovery will be made possible is also given in the end. This includes the alcoholic individuals, their family and social network, the community and new(prenominal) related environment. Achieving health for the whole population is the key towards success and this can be done by overcoming the problem related to alcohol.Alcohol as a threat to the p hysical, psychical and social well-beingMany people nowadays press alcohol as an all- grievous(a) constant companion during social gatherings. People can be constitute potable alcohol whenever there are occasions, parties and even on dates. Women are expected to take more care of themselves rather than men. On the other hand drinking alcohol in a moderate style has been a subject of controversy. This is because the physical and psychogenic health has been put into runnel due to rampant alcohol drinking.Attaining a physically fit body and a stabilized mind is now difficult for women who drink alcohol. It has numerous disadvantages aside from the temporary enjoyment that they received during socializations. Women are described as the weaker sex and this makes the situation harder as compared to men who are usual alcohol drinkers.Drinking in moderate amounts during special occasions is not exactly harmful. What rattling poses as a problem is the proclivity for people to abuse their drinking behavior. Seeking solution to the problem of alcoholism, thus, require the cooperation of every member of the society due to the fact that it is not only the alcoholics that become the target of the pestiferous effects of alcoholism.Alcoholism and its SymptomsAlcoholism is considered as one health problem which has usual symptoms kindred difference of control, craving, physical dependence and tolerance.Craving manifests in the constant and strong fixation to drink. More often women wanted to feel a sense of par with men. This will make their craving towards alcohol be the same with men. It results to loss of control by exhibiting lack of concept of limitation when alcohol is already in front of them.Tolerance on the other hand is the need of the person to drink in bulk to get their groove. Once the physical and mental state is consumed by alcohol, physical dependence leaves the alcoholic with the withdrawal symptoms of sweating, misgiving or nausea if they are not able to drink for a long period.These symptoms are the main reasons that can bring about problems in the family and society. This is due to the fact that in their search for the probable solution, they tend to consider giving the alcoholics what they are craving for, thus, escalating the problem and intensifying the possible effects.The tendency for men and women to be alcoholic is a genetic trait but there may be differences in the genes and psychosocial disposition involved. This can be related to the differences in not only the physical but also emotional and mental make-up that results into the varying reactions to particular stimulus.The effect of alcohol on women drinker causes great concern due to the fact that it has dreaded effect in the family and in the society as well. Women have an important role that consist of inculcating values to the family and weaken their role as the posture in the family.

The Roles of Management in an Organization

The success of an organization rests on the ability of managers to jut, organize, direct and control. The aim of this undertake is to examine to what extent the to a higher place statement is an accurate appraisal of undefeated management? To illustrate the arguments put forward this essay will give ear to the sequel study The launch of the centaur taken from Paton et al text Organizations, Cases, Issues and Concepts. The model study reports on the problems that occurred when Centaur replaced Paravel car manufacturers.This essay will include a study of Henri Fayols tailfin key managerial elements in order to unwrap whether it is essential to excogitate, organize, direct and control followed by practical examples drawn from the sidle uped case study. Fayols career began as a mining engineer and then locomote into research geology and in 1888 joined, Comambault as Director. The confederation was in difficulty hardly Fayol turned the deed round.On retirement he published his crap a comprehensive theory of administration described and classified administrative management roles and processes then became recognised and referenced by others in the maturement discourse about management. Fayol categorized management into five key elements, which domiciliate be seen in appendix one. The first of the elements is intend Fayol believes that planning marrow some(prenominal) to access the future and make provision for it1 Fayol views the action plan as the most utilisationful output of the planning process.He notes that this plan must go out the firms resources, work- in-progress, and future trends of the eternal environment. Fayol also believes that a scoop up action plan must consist of continuity, unity, flexibility and precision. Pugh and Hickson state that The problems of planning which management must overcome are do sure the objectives of distributively part of the institution are securely welded together (Unity) using both short and lo ng term auguring (continuity) being able to hold the plan in the light of changing circumstances (flexibility) and attempting to accurately bode courses of action Precision2.The essence of planning is to entirelyow the optimum use of resources. The views of Fayol and Pugh and Hickson illustrate the importance of planning when seeking to be a self-made manager. The second of the elements is organizing, Fayol states that personnel is the focus of this section3 He believes that managerial duties of an organisation must be realised through the use of personnel. He argues that contempt the variety of business, every firm of similar employee size differs importantly in the nature and relative value of constituent elements4.The task of management is to lay down up an organisation that wholeows the activities to be carried out in an optimal manner. Pugh and Hickson state, interchange to this is a structure in which plans are effectively prepared and carried out. thither must be u nity of command and concern, clear definition of responsibilities, microscopic decision making backed up by an efficient organisation for selecting and training managers5. The views of Fayol and Pugh and Hickson illustrate the importance of organizing when seeking to be a flourishing manager.Fayol has identified that there are many key objectives of organising, which can be located on adjunct 2 The Fayols third element comes logically after the first two, plan and control his third element is to command. In relation to the question command is part of the ability to direct. Fayol states that commanding is the province of every manager6. The calculate of this is to achieve the maximum contribution from all personnel to help with the interests of the organization. Pugh and Hickson state that with the ability to command the manager obtains the lift out possible performance from subordinates7.Organisations come a variety of tasks to perform so co-ordination is involveed, which is the fourth of Fayols elements and the other half of the ability to direct. Fayol has created a list of managerial duties/responsibilities, which are highlighted in Appendix 3 Fayol states co-ordinating is the harmonisation of resources in their optimum proportions in order to achieve results8. Pugh and Hickson backup Fayols view essentially this is making sure that one departments efforts are coincident with efforts of other departments, and keeping all activities in perspective with regard to the overall aims of the rganisation9. Fayol identifies some of the key characteristics of a well co-ordinated organisation. These characteristics are highlighted in Appendix 4. The fifth and final of Fayols five elements is domineering which logically checks the other four elements are performing correctly. Fayol states that controlling consists of the ongoing, routine verification of plan implementation, instructions issued and principles10. Controlling applies to all processes and its purpose is to identify helplessnesses and problems that can be rectified and to prevent recurrences.Fayol believes that organisations should be bourgeois against infiltration of control11 such as duality of command. Fayol also stresses the need for independent, objective and impartial inspection. Pugh and Hickson believe that to be effective, control must blend in quickly and there must be a system of sanctions. The best way to ensure this is to separate all functions concerned with inspection from operation departments whose work they inspect12. This backs up the view made by Fayol. The above views illustrate the importance of the ability to command when aiming to become a roaring manager.Fayols managerial functions have been subject to in-depth analysis, which had led to the highlighting of various weaknesses. The main weakness is that the Fayol system is establish upon assumption and clearly lacks consideration of human being behaviour. One of his five elements taken from P ugh and Hickson (1996) To forecast and plan prevoyance illustrates this. It is impossible to forecast every activity within the workplace e. g. arguments amongst staff, staff leaving the company and basically any emergencies that arrive.Some might believe that Fayols theoretical sentiment placed too much importance on observation, Mintzberg (1989) himself suggests If you ask managers what they do they will almost likely tell you that they plan, organize, co-operate and control. Then watch what they do. Do not be surprised if you cant relate what you see to those four voice communication13. Mintzberg undertook an extensive study of executives at work. He categorized management into common chord groups that are divided into ten roles which can be seen in AppendixA Roles such as leadership, liaison, monitor, disturbance handler etc, which are not mentioned in Fayols model of management, clearly illustrate that interpersonal skill have been neglected in his management approach. This is seen, as a major weakness because interpersonal skills are essential in the day to day ladder of a business, as stated above it is impossible to foresee the future. Chris Argyris and David McGregor highlight other weaknesses Argyris (1957) noted that if classical principles of formal rganization are used, employees work in a certain environment (Appendix 6). This approach to organisations and their management has been subject to substantial censure. It employs close system assumptions in order to reduce uncertainty and exploit control. galore(postnominal) of its principles are based on common sense adage and suffer from generality, in that they lack specific guidelines for applications. It regards the organisation as work and plurality as its components, organisation without people. At its best it regards the individuals as except touch offd by money.It, therefore, disregards the social and more complex needs of individuals in organisations. In the late 1950s, Douglas M cGregor stressed the importance of Understanding the relationships between need and human nature. He believed that managers attempted to motivate employees using one of two basic approaches. The first was a negative theory, labeled theory X. conjecture X Followed the traditional view of management based on direction and control. It Suggested that managers were required to coerce, control or threaten employees in order to motivate them.In contrast, the second was a positive theory, labeled Theory Y, and was based on new information about behavior. Theory Y suggested that managers believed that people are capable of being responsible and mature. Despite the above criticism the classical approach still remains influential even today. Many of its principles have formed the foundation for the development of the modern management concepts. It is talk over that new managers should consider Fayols model of management but also consider other theories from academics such as Mintzberg.

American Icon: Johnny Cash

The man in black, as he was c onlyed, was an artist idolized by millions in his time. He wrote songs that inspired his fans, and was whiz of the most influential nation singers in history. Born the son of a ridiculous cotton farmer, he overcame poverty to puzzle an American icon and one of the most perceptible names of both his genre, and step forwardside of it. He lived an unruly purport, riddled with medicate abuse and addiction. He suffered pains that many race could only imagine, that he still managed to make it to the top.Even then, trouble seemed to follow him, but his fans love him in spite of his hardships. In death, he lives on, immortalized by his music. His fans continue to morality him, we continue to sing along to the songs he wrote, and his typesetters case will be etched into our memories for all of eternity. Other than his musical genius, insurrectionist bullion was not a man that most would consider a role model. He did not lead an honorable life, in fa ct in his youth his behavior was seemingly uncontrollable. So what was it then that took him from a simple poor boy in the south and shot him up to iconic stipulation?While he was a rebel, it was not his rebellious attitude. Even though he was famous, it was not necessarily his fame or the amount of money he had earned. Instead, it was more of the associateion that he had with his audience. With his success, grayback left his impoverished life behind him, but he neer could separate himself from his roots or his past. He represented the all of things inside of us that we are ashamed(predicate) of, and he encompassed a sense of sympathy for those flaws that touched ein truthone who saw his face or heard him sing.Johnny Cash is an icon because he was a satisfying person, and he never acted like anything else. Johnny Cash started his life in the cotton fields of Arkansas. His family was a poor, struggling farming family. His situation was characteristic for the time. He and his f amily were hard working concourse trying to pull out of the depression, stressed to make ends meet. After high school, he enlisted in the host and served in Germany, returning a few years later to be married. He worked hard, and soon he was signed by a track record label and making the hits we all know and love.He toured the country, led a very busy life, and after a while medicates began to take over. After deceit on his wife, the two were divorced, leaving Johnny to spin out of control. His drug use took its toll, he spent nights in jail, and his career began to suffer because of his addiction. eventually though, he got back on his feet when he married his second wife, June Carter. Against all odds, he managed to overcome his own downfalls to live a truly productive life. He became famous for songs such as Folsom prison house Blues, I Walk the rake, Ring of Fire, and Man in black-market.Johnny Cash was even eventually awarded for his career by an induction in to both the Rock and Roll abode of Fame and the Country Music Hall of Fame. Following his death, the film version of his life was do entitled, Walk the Line. His story is one that we can all bushel to, the classic abuse who battles the troubles of life to end up on top. Everyone wants their life to end up the way that Johnnys did. He was an American dream notice child. While his story is indeed inspiring, it is not the primary reason that so many people loved him, and continue to love him today.Instead, it is more the upshot of this interesting life that Johnny portrayed on stage, both in his sort and in the words he spoke and sang. The secret to his success, and so his iconic status in our country, was the fact that he never forgot the problems of his past. He was true to them, and he wore them on his face and in the way he dressed. He sang and spoke of them, and he loved the people who had do mistakes just as he had. Johnny Cash was called the man in black, and is famous by the nickn ame. The only color he ever wore was black, from go to toe.He even wrote a song entitled, Man in Black, in which he spoke of the poor, the homeless, prisoners, and people who never knew Jesus. He wrote about the slain and the good people who die each day. He told the world that he wore black for the people in unfortunate situations, understanding each one of them, and feeling their pain. He wore black to remind us all of the people who were living such terrible lives. He connected with people in this way, drawing them in, and forcing them to love him despite the mistakes he had make himself. His face never cracked a smile.Instead it was gloomy and sorrowful. His entire appearance gave off the depressive disorder that he had experienced a life full of pain and suffering, and it was thriving to recognize those feelings in some of the music that he wrote. He was real, conflicting the stars we tend to look up to today who never acknowledge the mistakes that they fetch made. rathe r than putting up a fake exterior, Johnny was never afraid to be true to who he was, hence allowing differents to feel prosperous with him, and to be as real as he was. More importantly, Johnny never thought that he was better than the people who idolized him.He was no dissimilar from his fans, nor did his life hold any more value than theirs. He did not act as though he was any unlike from anyone that he sang to. In the height of his career he visited Folsom Prison and San Quentin, and even recorded while he was there. The prisoners adored him just as much as everyone else did because to them, it seemed as though Johnny was just a regular guy. That is how he came across to everyone, and most likely that is the reason that his fans could relate to him the way they did.He was a typical guy, who had lived a difficult life, and who had worked hard to become the idol that he was. People respected him, tossing aside the mistakes that he had made because he was down to earth and real. He did not hide his flaws. Rather he inspired others to embrace their own imperfections and to rise above them. Johnny Cash was an amazing man, and that is why he has become an American icon. In todays society, musicians tend to think that they are better than the people who brought them to fame in the first place. Johnny however, welcomed his fans.He used his dark, dreary outward appearance to portray a life of bad decisions. He was mysterious, but consonant in that he knew that each person in the audience had made mistakes just as he had, and he used that truth to connect with people. He sang songs in which he spoke of his past, rather than hiding from it. Most importantly, he treated others as though they were no different than he was, no matter how famous he became. Johnny Cash is and forever will be an American icon simply because he was a real person who did not pretend to be anything other than who he was.

Nursing Article Research Abstract

The nursing journal which I wee selected is by Showalter Et al (2000), titled patient roles and their spouses needs afterwards join common arthroplasty a pilot contract, from the journal Orthopedic Nursing. The aim of the stem was to determine the experiences and the requirements of the patient of roles and their spouses following hospitalization for two specific forms of orthopedic surgeries viz. total hip and total knee arthroplasty.The study was performed on a small-scale basis and only 5 subjects (patients) and their spouses were included. The study was performed by a personal interview that was videotaped for future research. The design included in the study was descriptive. The study was conducted in bingle health center In capital of Virginia USA.The findings revealed that the patients and their spouses required great athletic supporter in making transitions. The patients felt the greatest distress when they were unable to get back to their activities in spite of a ppearance the stipulated period of time. The spouses of the patient felt insecure when the patient was unable to perform the daily activities within the stipulated period of time.The transition period was marked by disturbances felt when the patient was unable to recover within the stipulated period of time as be after before the surgery. Some of the issues that were a concern included post-operative pain, problems with rehabilitation, and application of skills at home, which are learned in the hospital.During the transition period, the spouses and the patients have to change their roles, relationships, abilities and behaviors, so that a faster recover process is enabled. The health give wangle professionals have to excessively ensure that the patients are educated about the various problems that can be encountered and means of solving these problems. The patients and the spouses have to also be taught that the entire convalescence process should be given realistic consideration s. provided, certain collections (known as centering groups) have to be trained to ensure that the healthcare professionals are sufficiently educated about the transition changes that are needed. However, the author has suggested for the need for yet research studies when it comes to determining and fulfilling the needs of patients and their spouses following total joint switch surgeries. Focus groups seems to be one effective way of educating the healthcare processionals, who in turn that can meet the needs of the patients and their spouses.ReferencesShowalter, A., Burger, S, & Salyer, J. (2000). Patients and their spouses needs after total joint arthroplasty a pilot study. Orthop Nurs, 19(1), 62.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062624?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlusDrugs1http//www.orthopaedicnursing.com/pt/re/orthonurs/selectreference.htmjsessionid=HYTTQ6SxLSksKl8cQjpvksfZ0g1SVBqTfJnZTwwKZXnmQB6QGlJX175995639318 11956298091-11205390899957?an=00006416-200311000-00012&id=P136&data=00006416_2000_19_49_showalter_arthroplasty_%7C00006416-200311000-00012%23xpointer(id(R15-12))%7C1160700%7C%7Covftdb%7C&lu=ovid/ drink/medline/11062624/uiMedline Link RecordUnique Identifier 11062624. Authors Showalter A Burger S Salyer J. Authors Full wee Showalter, A Burger, S Salyer, J. Institution Total Joint Arthroplasty Program, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. Title Patients and their spouses needs after total joint arthroplasty a pilot study. Source Orthopaedic Nursing. 19(1)49-57, 62, 2000 Jan-Feb. Abbreviated Source Orthop Nurs. 19(1)49-57, 62, 2000 Jan-Feb. NLM Journal have-to doe with Orthopaedic nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses Publishing beat Journal available in publish Citation processed from Print Country of issuance UNITED STATES. MeSH Subject Headings Adaptation, Psychological time-worn Aged, 80 and over *Ar throplasty, Replacement/ae Adverse Effects Arthroplasty, Replacement/nu Nursing *Arthroplasty, Replacement/px Psychology * military capability to Health Focus Groups Humans Middle Aged *Needs discernment/og Organization & Administration Nursing Methodology Research Orthopedic Nursing Patient Education as Topic Pilot Projects *Postoperative Care/mt Methods Postoperative Care/nu Nursing *Postoperative Care/px Psychology Social underpin *Spouses/px Psychology Abstract PURPOSE To describe the experiences and needs of patients and their spouses during hospitalization and recuperation from either total hip or total knee arthroplasty. soma Descriptive. SAMPLE A purposive sample of 5 patients and their spouses in one health sciences center. METHODS Qualitative study using a videotaped rivet group interview. FINDINGS Content analysis revealed two perspectives of one theme patients and their spouses need help making transitions.Situational and role transitions that were problematic fo r patients reflected distress over not cosmos able to resume activities they enjoyed within an expected time frame. Incongruence mingled with expectations and ingenuousness was the source of distress. As a consequence of role reversal, spouses experienced feelings of peril and being overwhelmed. Health and illness transitions that patients experienced were also related to incongruence surrounded by expectations of the recovery period and the reality that recovery is a slow process. pain in the neck experienced during post discharge recovery and rehabilitation, and problems encountered when applying information and skills learned in the hospital to the home setting were sources of concern.CONCLUSION The needs and experiences of patients and spouses after total joint arthroplasty reflect transitional changechanges in roles, relationships, abilities, and behaviors. Health care professionals can facilitate transitions by providing education that reflects best case-worst case scena rios so that expectations of the recovery process are realistic. By being the link between hospital and home, health care professionals can lend support to patients as they continue the recovery process.As a program evaluation strategy, focus groups provide useful information to health care professionals who are raise in the needs and expectations of health care consumers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING RESEARCH Further exploration of the needs of patients and their spouses following joint replacement surgery is warranted. pulmonary tuberculosis of focus group methodology might provide additional brainwave into the needs of this population and suggest ways in which health care professionals can modify existing programs to help these patients and their spouses make the transitions. ISSN Print 0744-6020. Publication Type Journal Article. Date of Publication 2000 Jan-Feb Year of Publication 2000 initiation Date 20001109 Revision Date 20071115 Update Date 20071203