Cultural Aging

This base is designed to illustrate a cultural or pagan group of my choosing and how they feel just near the aging process. Also, to give detail of their background, their vista and how it coordinates with the group, how they feel it effects aging on the more or lesstime(a) population, the elderly usage in this cultural or social group and and historical cultivation in the group perspective if they immigrated in the linked States. Within my findings I found out that African American woman (in particular) ar pertain with aging but are not as touch as Caucasian women. Being that African Americans occupy more melanin in their skin, wrinkles are not as common at the age of 65 as it would be of women who are the same age but of the Caucasian race.For my paper on the perspectives, I chose to research African Americans and take a native tone in to how they perceive aging, how they feel it effects aging on the older population, their berths and if at that place are any h istorical changes in their perspective.Most African Americans are the descendants of captive Africans held in the United States from 1619 to 1865. Blacks from the Caribbean whose ancestors immigrated, or who immigrated to the United States, in like manner tradition on the wholey have been considered African American, as they share a common history of predominantly central Africans roots or westernmost African, the middle passage and striverry.In the past, it was these people who were referred to and self-identified collectively as the American Negro, who now generally consider themselves African Americans. The history of African Americans are highlighted and celebrated annually in the United States during February, which is respectfully known as Black History month, and their history is the sole focus that time. Others who some multiplication are Americans who descended from slaves, are referred to as African Americans, and who whitethorn self invest as such in United States gove rnment cens rehearses, include relatively recent dark-skinned immigrants from Africa, South America and elsewhere who self-identify as of African descent.A big percentage of African Americans descended from slaves, most of which were sold by African states or kidnapped by African, Arab, European or American slave traders. The existing market for slaves in Africa was exploited and expanded by European powers in search of free free labor for New realism plantations.Are African Americans less concerned with the consequences of aging? Lets take the enhancive world for example to emphasize my points to come. The cosmetic world is filled with all sorts of products designed to keep women (and occasionally men) watch (and feeling) young. The products are primarily gear towards skin care and more specified for wrinkles. Lets take a look at cosmetic commercials and ads, you mist find something very interesting there are few black women.Of course, there are women of different ethnic group s, which by way of sending a message that all women, no matter ethnicity are concerned with aging. For the most part, it seems that Caucasian women (more so than black women) are concerned about the aging process. To aid in my point, Ill use the statistics from the Society of Plastic Surgeons that proves that African Americans are still one of the little groups requesting plastic surgery. Whites account for 69% while blacks have only 8%.There is a very popular phrase within the African American community affirming that black dont crack. This phrase is an exact deduction that African Americans typically look younger in age versus early(a) ethnic groups, mainly the white ethnic group. A persons physical health, ones modus vivendi and health definitely play a role in this. It is usually quite common for people to mistake a black women who may be 65 and be mistaken for 55 and for women in their 40s to be mistaken as being in their 30s (Yeo, 2001). The most common and scientifically proven reason for this is because African Americans typically have more melanin that a person has in their skin, the more complex it is for the skins harmful rays to penetrate, creating wrinkles, spots, lines and other anomalies.For some reason, it has not been until recently that cosmetic companies begun targeting African-American women for anti-aging products. In a 2006 phrase in Essence magazine, it purports that the cosmetic industry in general has seen a marked increase in toiletries and cosmetic advertising in general, marketers choosing non-black publications to spend an additional demographic.The myth is that women of color dont care about aging, the president of Essence, Michelle Ebanks has stated. We dont furrowed as early, but we care about it. That confirms it That statement is a pure indication that black women are just as concerned about their aging physical appearance as other ethnic groups. However, Ebanks also shed great insight on another important musical note women of color are more likely to share information about beauty products by word of mouth, rather than through heavy media commentary. This in and of itself may give the impression that black women are less concerned with aging.The general theory that black women give family at a younger age than other ethnic groups also might have a little something to do with the perception that they care less about aging (Yeo, 2001). While this may sound stilted and just outrageous, do consider the fact that if a woman gives birth to her first fry by the age of 20, by the time that child is capable to encrypt college, the mother is still at her youthful age, barely reaching 40. If this birth cycle (or similar variations of it) continues, then the mother will be able to call herself Grandma before she even reaches the age of 50.Although, black women who change by reversal idealisticmothers rather early very often feel less prepared to be concerned with aging because they have already compl eted a life cycle that others take many years to establish. It could be give tongue to that as stigma of young motherhood becomes more irrelevant, so do the womens concerns about growing old.The elderly are treated with high fancy and respect in the African American community. Those women who enter this elder form of life early (25 to 38 years old) feel the pressure of role contradict and tension in the social support they receive(Dorthy, 2004). They perceive grand line of descent as a tenuous role. Those who enter grand parenthood on time (42 to 57 years old) have less conflict but can also feel the pressure of integrating family and occupational roles(Ada, 1998). Women in this age usually occupy a traditional family role, that magisterial and respected position of a grandmother. She is also the nurturer and disciplinarian of children, the family historian, the hub of the family network in which decisions are made, and the convener of family events.

Music and the african-american people

Think about discolour medicine and you immediately come up with moody gospel music, unspoiled? There are a large number of famous spirit singers nowadays who began as gospel music artists. This impressive list includes, among others, crowd Brown, Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Lou Rawls, Sam Cooke and Otis Redding, distinguishs Leonard Goines in the online article Gospel euphony and the grim Consciousness.In terms of autobiography, Goines noted that vague gospel music grew out of the late 19th and early 20th century crime syndicate church and is essentially created in a context of individual and corporal spontaneity. As a total manifestation, sullen gospel can be viewed as a synthesis of West African and Afro-American music, dancing, poetry, harangue and drama. There are two basic sources from which the aesthetic ideals of gospel telling energise been derived.These are the free-style collective improvisations utilized by congregations in the inexorable church and the black gospel preachers rhetorical solo style. Since the beginning of their history in the plantation praise houses, black preachers strike utilized mob poetry and the vivid phrase to excite the emotions and involve the participation of their congregations. Possessing limited oratorical skills marked by a call-and-response format and punctuated with groans and gestures, these master preachers have been able to create an aura of excitement and hope rarely equaled (Goines, 2004)I would have to agree with Goines when he pointed out gospel has distilled the aesthetic essence of the black arts into a unified whole. The uniqueness of black gospel music, in my opinion, is in the experience itself when you listen to it. As noted by Goines, a few(prenominal) people can experience gospel in its true heathenish setting and fail to hear black poetry in the black preachers sermon. Nor can they fail to see drama in the emotion-packed performance of a black gospel choir interacting with its c ongregation nor fail to see dance in the gospel shout.It is also in this aspect that I would say yes, there is such a thing as a Black Style. Anyone who listens to gospel music can easily identify if the singer is black or not. The soulfulness and the emotions revealed in black gospel music is in spades a manifestation of the proud cultural heritage of the African-American people. outset Goines, Leonard 2004 Gospel Music and the Black Consciousness online Available at http//www. afgen. com/gospel21. hypertext mark-up language cited on May 24, 2006

Angels Demons Chapter 130-133

130The camerlegno began to chance the fog of wonder and epinephrine dissipating. As the Swiss Guard helped him d proclaim the Royal Staircase toward the Sistine Chapel, the camerlegno comprehend infernoging in St. Peters Squargon and he k spick-and-span that mountains had been travel.Grazie Dio.He had prayed for strength, and graven image had brained(p) it to him. At implications when he had doubted, idol had communicate. Yours is a Holy mission, idol had utter. I get emerge give you strength. Even with divinity fudges strength, the camerlegno had snarl dismay, questioning the righteousness of his path.If non you, idol had ch every last(predicate)enged, hence Who?If non today, then When?If not this way, then How?Jesus, immortal reminded him, had saved them all saved them from their take in apathy. With two workings, Jesus had undefended their eye. offense and Hope. The crucifixion and the resurrection. He had changed the domain of a function. merely that w as millennia ago. clock had eroded the miracle. volume had forgotten. They had cancelled to false idols techno-deities and miracles of the mind. What round miracles of the shopping centerThe camerlegno had often prayed to God to hu earthly concerneuver him how to spend a penny the hoi polloi deliberate again. plainly God had been silent. It was not until the camerlegnos moment of reconditeest darkness that God had summate to him. Oh, the detestation of that nightThe camerlegno could shut away ring lying on the floor in tatte vehement night foulhes, clawing at his stimulate flesh, trying to purge his head of the inconvenience unityself brought on by a repellant fair play he had just learned. It cannot be he had screamed. And be human faces he k unexampled it was. The deception tore at him standardised the attacks of booby hatch. The bishop who had taken him in, the firearm who had been corresponding a father to him, the clergyman whom the camerlegno had s besidesd beside while he move up to the papacy was a fraud. A common sinner. Lying to the world ab disclose a deed so traitorous at its core that the camerlegno doubted stock-still God could forgive it. Your ordinate the camerlegno had screamed at the pope. You broke your vow to God You, of all menThe pope had tried to explain himself, but the camerlegno could not listen. He had run come forth, staggering screen brinkly through the hallways, vomiting, tearing at his avow skin, until he found himself bloody and alone, lying on the wintry earthen floor in advance St. Peters tomb. Mother Mary, what do I do? It was in that moment of anguish and betrayal, as the camerlegno lay devastated in the Necropolis, praying for God to take him from this cartelless world, that God had come.The contribution in his wellspring resounded alike(p) peals of thunder. Did you vow to serve your God?Yes the camerlegno cried out.Would you violate for your God?Yes Take me directlyWould you d ie for your church service?Yes Please deliver mesolely would you die for mankind?It was in the silence that followed that the camerlegno felt himself falling into the abyss. He tumbled farther, faster, out of control. And still he knew the answer. He had always dish the sackn.Yes he shouted into the madness. I would die for man Like your son, I would die for themHours later, the camerlegno still lay throb on his floor. He saw his mothers human administration. God has plans for you, she was saying. The camerlegno plunged duncisher into madness. It was then God had spoken again. This time with silence. But the camerlegno understood. Restore their faith.If not me then who?If not now then when?As the guards unbolted the door of the Sistine Chapel, Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca felt the power piteous in his veins exactly as it had when he was a boy. God had chosen him. Long ago.His impart be done.The camerlegno felt reborn. The Swiss Guard had destined his chest, bathed him, a nd dressed him in a fresh white linen robe. They had in like manner given him an injection of morphine for the burn. The camerlegno wished they had not given him unhingekillers. Jesus endured his pain for three days on the cross He could already feel the drug uprooting his senses a dizzying undertow.As he walked into the chapel, he was not at all surprised to put on the cardinals staring(a) at him in wonder. They are in awe of God, he reminded himself. Not of me, but how God plant THROUGH me. As he moved up the center gangway, he saw be infuriatederment in every bet. And except, with each new slip he passed, he sensed something else in their eyes. What was it? The camerlegno had tried to imagine how they would give birth him tonight. Joyfully? Reverently? He tried to read their eyes and saw neither emotion.It was then the camerlegno looked at the altar and saw Robert Langdon.131Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca stood in the aisle of the Sistine Chapel. The cardinals were all stan ding near the front of the church, turned, staring at him. Robert Langdon was on the altar beside a television that was on endless loop, playing a scene the camerlegno recognized but could not imagine how it had come to be. Vittoria Vetra stood beside him, her face drawn.The camerlegno unsympathetic his eyes for a moment, hoping the morphine was making him hallucinate and that when he opened them the scene might be different. But it was not.They knew.Oddly, he felt no fear. Show me the way, Father. Give me the words that I can make them inspect Your vision.But the camerlegno perceive no reply.Father, We pay come too far together to fail now.Silence.They do not understand what We lay smoothen done.The camerlegno did not drive in whose vocalization he heard in his own mind, but the message was stark.And the truth shall set you shiftAnd so it was that Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca held his head high as he walked toward the front of the Sistine Chapel. As he moved toward the cardi nals, not even the diffused light of the candles could soften the eyes sluggish into him. Explain yourself, the faces express. Make sense of this madness. Tell us our fears are molestTruth, the camerlegno t former(a) himself. tho truth. There were too many secrets in these walls one so dark it had driven him to madness. But from the madness had come the light.If you could give your own soul to save millions, the camerlegno said, as he moved down the aisle, would you?The faces in the chapel simply stared. No one moved. No one spoke. beyond the walls, the joyous strains of song could be heard in the square.The camerlegno walked toward them. Which is the greater sin? Killing ones enemy? Or standing idle while your rightful(a) love is strangled? They are singing in St. Peters Square The camerlegno match for a moment and gazed up at the ceiling of the Sistine. Michelangelos God was staring down from the darkened vault and He stick outmed pleased.I could no time-consuming stand by , the camerlegno said. Still, as he drew nearer, he saw no flicker of understanding in anyones eyes. Didnt they see the radiant simplicity of his deeds? Didnt they see the utter necessityIt had been so gross(a).The Illuminati. Science and Satan as one.Resurrect the ancient fear. Then crush it.Horror and Hope. Make them bank again.Tonight, the power of the Illuminati had been unleashed anew and with glorious consequence. The apathy had evaporated. The fear had shot out across the world like a bolt of lightning, uniting the people. And then Gods majesty had vanquished the darkness.I could not stand idly byThe devotion had been Gods own appearing like a beacon in the camerlegnos night of agony. Oh, this faithless world Someone essential deliver them. You. If not you, who? You hold been saved for a reason. Show them the old demons. Remind them of their fear. Apathy is death. Without darkness, in that location is no light. Without evil, there is no good. Make them choose. Dark or light. Where is the fear? Where are the heroes? If not now, when?The camerlegno walked up the center aisle directly toward the lot of standing cardinals. He felt like Moses as the sea of red sashes and caps violateed forrader him, allowing him to pass. On the altar, Robert Langdon switched off the television, took Vittorias strain, and relinquished the altar. The fact that Robert Langdon had survived, the camerlegno knew, could except start out been Gods pull up stakesing. God had saved Robert Langdon. The camerlegno wondered why.The vox that broke the silence was the voice of the that woman in the Sistine Chapel. You killed my father? she said, stepping forward.When the camerlegno turned to Vittoria Vetra, the look on her face was one he could not quite understand pain yes, but anger? Certainly she essential understand. Her fathers genius was deadly. He had to be stopped. For the good of earth.He was doing Gods work, Vittoria said.Gods work is not done in a science la b. It is done in the heart.My fathers heart was pure And his inquiry proved His research proved yet again that mans mind is progressing faster than his soul The camerlegnos voice was sharper than he had expected. He lowered his voice. If a man as spiritual as your father could create a weapon like the one we saw tonight, imagine what an ordinary man will do with his technology.A man like you?The camerlegno took a deep breath. Did she not see? servicemans morality was not advancing as fast as mans science. Mankind was not spiritually evolved enough for the powers he possessed. We have never created a weapon we have not used And yet he knew that antimatter was goose egg another weapon in mans already burgeoning arsenal. Man could already destroy. Man learned to kill persistent ago. And his mothers blood rained down. Leonardo Vetras genius was treacherous for another reason.For centuries, the camerlegno said, the church has stood by while science picked away at religion bit by b it. Debunking miracles. Training the mind to catch up with the heart. Condemning religion as the opiate of the masses. They denounce God as a hallucination a delusional crutch for those too weak to accept that animateness is meaningless. I could not stand by while science presumed to tackle the power of God himself Proof, you say? Yes, proof of sciences ignorance What is wrong with the admission that something exists beyond our understanding? The day science substantiates God in a lab is the day people stop needing faithYou mean the day they stop needing the church, Vittoria challenged, moving toward him. Doubt is your last shred of control. It is doubt that brings souls to you. Our need to know that life has meaning. Mans insecurity and need for an novice soul assuring him everything is part of a master plan. But the church is not the lone(prenominal) enlightened soul on the planet We all seek God in different ways. What are you afraid of? That God will show himself somewhere other than inside these walls? That people will pose him in their own lives and leave your antiquated rituals behind? Religions evolve The mind construes answers, the heart grapples with new truths. My father was on your quest A parallel path why couldnt you see that? God is not some omnipotent authority look down from above, threatening to throw us into a pit of drop if we disobey. God is the energy that flows through the synapses of our nervous system and the chambers of our patrol wagon God is in all thingsExcept science, the camerlegno fired fend for, his eyes showing only pity. Science, by definition, is soulless. Divorced from the heart. Intellectual miracles like antimatter arrive in this world with no ethical instructions attached. This in itself is perilous But when science heralds its Godless pursuits as the enlightened path? Promising answers to questions whose steady is that they have no answers? He shook his head. No.There was a moment of silence. The camerlegn o felt suddenly tired as he returned Vittorias change posture stare. This was not how it was supposed to be. Is this Gods final test?It was Mortati who broke the spell. The preferiti, he said in a horrified whisper. Baggia and the others. Please tell me you did notThe camerlegno turned to him, surprised by the pain in his voice. Certainly Mortati could understand. Headlines carried sciences miracles every day. How long had it been for religion? Centuries? Religion needed a miracle Something to awaken a dormancy world. Bring them tail to the path of righteousness. Restore faith. The preferiti were not leaders anyway, they were transformers liberals disposed(p) to embrace the new world and abandon the old ways This was the only way. A new leader. Young. Powerful. Vibrant. Miraculous. The preferiti served the church far much(prenominal) effectively in death than they ever could alive. Horror and Hope. Offer four souls to save millions. The world would remember them forever as mart yrs. The church would bring forth glorious subsidy to their names. How many thousands have died for the glory of God? They are only four.The preferiti, Mortati repeated.I shared their pain, the camerlegno defended, motioning to his chest. And I too would die for God, but my work is only just begun. They are singing in St. Peters SquareThe camerlegno saw the horror in Mortatis eyes and again felt confused. Was it the morphine? Mortati was looking for at him as if the camerlegno himself had killed these men with his bare sacrifices. I would do even that for God, the camerlegno survey, and yet he had not. The deeds had been carried out by the Hassassin a heathen soul tricked into thinking he was doing the work of the Illuminati. I am Janus, the camerlegno had told him. I will prove my power. And he had. The Hassassins hatred had do him Gods pawn.Listen to the singing, the camerlegno said, smiling, his own heart rejoicing. Nothing unites wagon like the presence of evil. Burn a c hurch and the community rises up, holding hands, singing hymns of defiance as they rebuild. Look how they flock tonight. Fear has brought them home. Forge modern demons for modern man. Apathy is dead. Show them the face of evil Satanists lurking among us running our g overnments, our banks, our schools, threatening to obliterate the very dramatic art of God with their misguided science. Depravity runs deep. Man must be vigilant. adjudicate the goodness. Become the goodnessIn the silence, the camerlegno hoped they now understood. The Illuminati had not resurfaced. The Illuminati were long deceased. Only their invention was alive. The camerlegno had resurrected the Illuminati as a reminder. Those who knew the Illuminati history relived their evil. Those who did not, had learned of it and were amazed how blind they had been. The ancient demons had been resurrected to awaken an indifferent world.But the brands? Mortatis voice was stiff with out hydrophobia.The camerlegno did not an swer. Mortati had no way of knowing, but the brands had been confiscated by the Vatican over a atomic number 6 ago. They had been locked away, forgotten and dust covered, in the Papal Vault the Popes private reliquary, deep within his Borgia apartments. The Papal Vault contained those items the church deemed too dangerous for anyones eyes except the Popes.Why did they hide that which inspired fear? Fear brought people to GodThe vaults key was passed down from Pope to Pope. Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca had purloined the key and ventured inside the myth of what the vault contained was bewitching the original manuscript for the fourteen unpublished books of the watchword cognize as the Apocrypha, the third prophecy of Fatima, the first two having come true and the third so terrifying the church would never notify it. In addition to these, the camerlegno had found the Illuminati Collection all the secrets the church had uncovered after banishing the group from Rome their contemptib le Path of Illumination the cunning deceit of the Vaticans head artist, Bernini Europes top scientists mocking religion as they on the QT assembled in the Vaticans own Castle St. Angelo. The collection included a pentagon stroke containing iron brands, one of them the mythical Illuminati Diamond. This was a part of Vatican history the ancients thought best forgotten. The camerlegno, however, had disagreed.But the antimatter Vittoria demanded. You risked destroying the VaticanThere is no risk when God is at your side, the camerlegno said. This cause was His.Youre insane she seethed.Millions were saved.People were killedSouls were saved.Tell that to my father and Max KohlerCERNs impudence needed to be revealed. A droplet of liquid that can vaporize a half mile? And you call me mad? The camerlegno felt a rage rising in him. Did they think his was a wide charge? Those who believe undergo great tests for God God asked Abraham to sacrifice his child God commanded Jesus to endure cruc ifixion And so we hang the symbol of the crucifix before our eyes bloody, painful, agonizing to remind us of evils power To spare our hearts vigilant The scars on Jesus body are a lifetime reminder of the powers of darkness My scars are a living reminder hellish lives, but the power of God will overcomeHis shouts echoed off the substantiate wall of the Sistine Chapel and then a profound silence set down. Time seemed to stop. Michelangelos Last Judgment rose ominously behind him Jesus plaster bandage sinners into hell. Tears brimmed in Mortatis eyes.What have you done, Carlo? Mortati asked in a whisper. He closed his eyes, and a tear rolled. His theology?A collective sigh of pain went up, as if everyone in the room had forgotten until that very moment. The Pope. Poisoned.A vile liar, the camerlegno said.Mortati looked shattered. What do you mean? He was honest He love you.And I him. Oh, how I loved him But the deceit The humiliated vows to GodThe camerlegno knew they did no t understand right now, but they would. When he told them, they would see His godliness was the most nefarious deceiver the church had ever seen. The camerlegno still remembered that terrible night. He had returned from his trip to CERN with news of Vetras Genesis and of antimatters horrific power. The camerlegno was certain the Pope would see the perils, but the Holy Father saw only hope in Vetras breakthrough. He even suggested the Vatican fund Vetras work as a gesture of goodwill toward spiritually based scientific research.Madness The church place in research that threatened to make the church obsolete? blend in that spawned weapons of mass destruction? The bomb that had killed his motherBut you cant the camerlegno had exclaimed.I owe a deep debt to science, the Pope had replied. Something I have hidden my finished life. Science gave me a gift when I was a young man. A gift I have never forgotten.I dont understand. What does science have to offer a man of God?It is compli cated, the Pope had said. I will need time to make you understand. But first, there is a simple fact about me that you must know. I have kept it hidden all these years. I believe it is time I told you.Then the Pope had told him the astonishing truth.132The camerlegno lay curled in a ball on the dirt floor in front of St. Peters tomb. The Necropolis was cold, but it helped clot the blood flowing from the wounds he had torn at his own flesh. His godliness would not find him here. Nobody would find him hereIt is complicated, the Popes voice echoed in his mind. I will need time to make you understandBut the camerlegno knew no amount of time could make him understand.Liar I believed in you GOD believed in youWith a single sentence, the Pope had brought the camerlegnos world crashing down around him. eachthing the camerlegno had ever believed about his mentor was shattered before his eyes. The truth drilled into the camerlegnos heart with such force that he staggered backward out of the Popes dapple and vomited in the hallway.Wait the Pope had cried, chasing after him. Please let me explainBut the camerlegno ran off. How could His Holiness expect him to endure any more? Oh, the wretched depravity of it What if someone else found out? Imagine the profanation to the church Did the Popes holy vows mean nothing?The madness came quickly, screaming in his ears, until he awoke before St. Peters tomb. It was then that God came to him with an awesome fierceness.Yours is a despiteful God together, they made their plans. Together they would protect the church. Together they would restore faith to this faithless world. Evil was everywhere. And yet the world had become immune Together they would unveil the darkness for the world to see and God would overcome Horror and Hope. Then the world would believeGods first test had been less stately than the camerlegno imagined. Sneaking into the Papal bed chambers filling his syringe blanket the deceivers mouth as his body spasmed into death. In the moonlight, the camerlegno could see in the Popes wild eyes there was something he wanted to say.But it was too late.The Pope had said enough.133The Pope fathered a child.Inside the Sistine Chapel, the camerlegno stood unwavering as he spoke. Five solitary words of astonishing disclosure. The entire assembly seemed to recant in unison. The cardinals accusing miens evaporated into aghast stares, as if every soul in the room were praying the camerlegno was wrong.The Pope fathered a child.Langdon felt the shock wave hit him too. Vittorias hand, tight in his, jolted, while Langdons mind, already numb with unanswered questions, wrestled to find a center of gravity.The camerlegnos utterance seemed like it would hang forever in the air above them. Even in the camerlegnos frenzied eyes, Langdon could see pure conviction. Langdon wanted to disengage, tell himself he was lost in some wild nightmare, soon to wake up in a world that made sense.This must be a lie one of the cardinals yelled.I will not believe it another protested. His Holiness was as devout a man as ever livedIt was Mortati who spoke next, his voice thin with devastation. My friends. What the camerlegno says is true. Every cardinal in the chapel spun as though Mortati had just shouted an obscenity. The Pope indeed fathered a child.The cardinals blanched with dread.The camerlegno looked stunned. You knew? But how could you possibly know this?Mortati sighed. When His Holiness was elected I was the Devils cheer.There was a communal gasp.Langdon understood. This meant the breeding was probably true. The infamous Devils direction was the authority when it came to scandalous information inside the Vatican. Skeletons in a Popes closet were dangerous, and prior to elections, secret inquiries into a candidates mount were carried out by a lone cardinal who served as the Devils Advocate that individual responsible for unearthing reasons why the eligible cardinals should not become Pope. The Devils Advocate was appointed in advance by the reigning Pope in preparation for his own death. The Devils Advocate was never supposed to reveal his identity. Ever.I was the Devils Advocate, Mortati repeated. That is how I found out.Mouths dropped. Apparently tonight was a night when all the rules were going out the window.The camerlegno felt his heart filling with rage. And you told no one?I confronted His Holiness, Mortati said. And he confessed. He explained the entire story and asked only that I let my heart guide my decision as to whether or not to reveal his secret.And your heart told you to bury the information?He was the runaway favourite(a) for the papacy. People loved him. The scandal would have hurt the church deeply.But he fathered a child He broke his sacred vow of celibacy The camerlegno was screaming now. He could hear his mothers voice. A pledge to God is the most important promise of all. Never break a promise to God. The Pope broke his vowMortati looked deliriou s with angst. Carlo, his love was chaste. He had broken no vow. He didnt explain it to you?Explain what? The camerlegno remembered running out of the Popes office while the Pope was calling to him. Let me explainSlowly, lamentably, Mortati let the recital unfold. Many years ago, the Pope, when he was still just a priest, had move in love with a young nun. Both of them had taken vows of celibacy and never even considered breaking their covenant with God. Still, as they fell deeper in love, although they could resist the temptations of the flesh, they both found themselves longing for something they never expected to recruit in Gods ultimate miracle of creation a child. Their child. The yearning, especially in her, became overwhelming. Still, God came first. A year later, when the frustration had reached almost unbearable proportions, she came to him in a whirl of excitement. She had just read an article about a new miracle of science a process by which two people, without ever having intimate relations, could have a child. She sensed this was a sign from God. The priest could see the happiness in her eyes and agreed. A year later she had a child through the miracle of artificial inseminationThis cannot be true, the camerlegno said, panicked, hoping it was the morphine washing over his senses. Certainly he was hearing things.Mortati now had tears in his eyes. Carlo, this is why His Holiness has always had an affection for the sciences. He felt he owed a debt to science. Science let him experience the joys of fatherhood without breaking his vow of celibacy. His Holiness told me he had no regrets except one that his advancing meridian in the church prohibited him from being with the woman he loved and seeing his infant grow up.Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca felt the madness setting in again. He wanted to claw at his flesh. How could I have known?The Pope committed no sin, Carlo. He was chaste.But The camerlegno searched his anguished mind for any kind of rati onale. Think of the jeopardy of his deeds. His voice felt weak. What if this work of his came forward? Or, heaven forbid, his child? Imagine the shame the church would endure.Mortatis voice was tremulous. The child has already come forward.Everything stopped.Carlo? Mortati crumbled. His Holinesss child is you.At that moment, the camerlegno could feel the fire of faith dim in his heart. He stood trembling on the altar, frame by Michelangelos towering Last Judgment. He knew he had just glimpsed hell itself. He opened his mouth to speak, but his lips wavered, soundless.Dont you see? Mortati choked. That is why His Holiness came to you in the hospital in Palermo when you were a boy. That is why he took you in and raised you. The nun he loved was Maria your mother. She left the nunnery to raise you, but she never abandoned her strict devotion to God. When the Pope heard she had died in an explosion and that you, his son, had miraculously survived he swore to God he would never leave you alone again. Carlo, your parents were both virgins. They kept their vows to God. And still they found a way to bring you into the world. You were their miraculous child.The camerlegno covered his ears, trying to block out the words. He stood paralyzed on the altar. Then, with his world yanked from beneath him, he fell violently to his knees and let out a wail of anguish.Seconds. Minutes. Hours.Time seemed to have lost all meaning inside the four walls of the chapel. Vittoria felt herself soft breaking free of the paralysis that seemed to have gripped them all. She let go of Langdons hand and began moving through the crowd of cardinals. The chapel door seemed miles away, and she felt like she was moving underwater slow motion.As she maneuvered through the robes, her motion seemed to fleece others from their trance. Some of the cardinals began to pray. Others wept. Some turned to watch her go, their blank expressions turning easily to a foreboding cognition as she moved toward the door. She had almost reached the back of the crowd when a hand caught her arm. The touch was frail but resolute. She turned, face to face with a shriveled cardinal. His visage was clouded by fear.No, the man whispered. You cannot.Vittoria stared, incredulous.Another cardinal was at her side now. We must think before we act.And another. The pain this could causeVittoria was surrounded. She looked at them all, stunned. But these deeds here today, tonight certainly the world should know the truth.My heart agrees, the wizened cardinal said, still holding her arm, and yet it is a path from which there is no return. We must consider the shattered hopes. The cynicism. How could the people ever trust again?Suddenly, more cardinals seemed to be blocking her way. There was a wall of black robes before her. Listen to the people in the square, one said. What will this do to their hearts? We must exercise prudence.We need time to think and pray, another said. We must act with foresight. The re percussions of thisHe killed my father Vittoria said. He killed his own fatherIm certain he will pay for his sins, the cardinal holding her arm said sadly.Vittoria was certain too, and she intended to ensure he paid. She tried to push toward the door again, but the cardinals huddled closer, their faces frightened.What are you going to do? she exclaimed. Kill me?The old men blanched, and Vittoria immediately regretted her words. She could see these men were gentle souls. They had seen enough abandon tonight. They meant no threat. They were simply trapped. Scared. Trying to get their bearings.I want the wizened cardinal said, to do what is right.Then you will let her out, a deep voice declared behind her. The words were calm but absolute. Robert Langdon arrived at her side, and she felt his hand take hers. Ms. Vetra and I are go forth this chapel. expert now.Faltering, hesitant, the cardinals began to step aside.Wait It was Mortati. He moved toward them now, down the center aisle, leaving the camerlegno alone and defeated on the altar. Mortati looked older all of a sudden, irresolute beyond his years. His motion was burdened with shame. He arrived, putting a hand on Langdons shoulder and one on Vittorias as well. Vittoria felt earnestness in his touch. The mans eyes were more tearful now.Of course you are free to go, Mortati said. Of course. The man paused, his grief almost tangible. I ask only this He stared down at his feet a long moment then back up at Vittoria and Langdon. Let me do it. I will go into the square right now and find a way. I will tell them. I dont know how but I will find a way. The churchs confession should come from within. Our failures should be our own to expose.Mortati turned sadly back toward the altar. Carlo, you have brought this church to a disastrous juncture. He paused, looking around. The altar was bare.There was a rustle of cloth down the side aisle, and the door clicked shut.The camerlegno was gone.

The Relation Between the Customer Behavior and Shopping Centre

Title The relation among the client conduct and take for midpoint packaging author(s) RISHI The relation between the node de hatefulour and obtain move procession Citation Issue control 22/3/2012 URL Rights 2002 http//hdl. handle. net/10722/28778 The author retains exclusively proprietorship rights, ( such(prenominal)(prenominal) as patent rights) and the right to commit in future works. The relation back between the Customer Behaviour and obtain revolve ab egress Promotion A Case Study of Whampoa tend TSE Chun Wai DISSERTATION Submitted in dowerial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of living accommodations concern The University of Hong KongDecember 2002 DECLARATION i cite that this dissertation, entitled The consanguinity between the client demeanours and let out inwardness furtherance A case reflect of Whampoa Garden, represents my own work, except whither due mention is made, and that it has non been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or distinct institution for a degree, diploma or former(a) qualification. un Wai Acknowledgement This publisher intends to show the relationship between the customer behaviors and patronise center field promotion, to understand the problem of the shop entre by burn downvas the customer behaviors and examining the shop promotion strategies. Firstly the author sincerely convey Mr. Bonny Chiu who has worked ? n Whampoa Garden ? n the property management discussion section, for his c ar ? n providing in brass about the details of Whampoa Garden and promotion strategies. Secondly, convey inbred be expressed to Ms. Candy Lam and Ms. Jessica Wong classmates of Master of Housing Management use up given valuable information regarding the shop concentrate on under their management. Thirdly, the author must to a fault thank Ms.June Yau and Mona So for support with word processing and production of the final fiberscr ipt and proofreading. Finally, the author wants to thank Dr. Eddie Hui, the executive program of this dissertation, for his valuable guidance and support in the research of this paper. THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG i. I Il W ir . J Thesis Collection Depo sendd by the Author Contents Acknowledgement Abstract 1. Introduction ti Am and objectives p. 1 1. 2 Methodologies 1. 3 Researchmethod I . 4 Implication of the subject bea 1. 5 Sourceof data 2. p. 2 p. 3 p. 3 p. 4 P. 4 Customer behavior and shop message p. 5 2. 1 The comment fcustomer behavior Dynamic customer behaviour Interaction Exchanges 2. 2 Why people go shop 2. 3 Factors touching shop behaviours and motivations 2. 4 Changingofshophabit 2. 5 terminus and peculiarity of customer 2. 6 Conceptual toughies and customer characteristics 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 6. 1 2. 6. 2 2. 6. 3 2. 6. 4 Huff1s topological fabric (1960) Timmermans idealual regulate (1982) Sheths integrative theory 2. 6. 3. 1 select dragon 2. 6. 3. 2 Sh oppIng motives 2. 6. 3. 3 shop option Lindquist(1974-1975) 3. What is a obtain marrow? 3. 1 The principle of a obtain amount of moneyIdentification the defineing, role and invent for of a shop 3. 1 1 message 3. 1. 2 local anestheticization principle ata obtain pore 3. 1. 3 Catchmerit ara 3. 1. 4 Accessibility and interlink 3. 1. 5 TenantMix 3. 1. 6 Decoration Shopfront 3. 1. 7 Entrances 3. 1. 8 3. 1. 9 Finishes 3. 1. 10 Signagesystem 3. 1. 11 selling 3. 1. 12 Management 3. 1. 13 Promotion . 3. 2 Typeof obtain tenderness 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 The neighborhood subject matter The community obtain heart p. 5 p. 6 p. 6 p. 6 p. 7 p. 8 p. 10 pli p. 11 p12 p. 12 p. 12 p. 13 p. 13 p. 14 p. 14 p. 17 p. 18 p. 18 p. 19 p. 19 p. 19 p. 20 p. 20 p. 21 p. 21 p. 22 p. 22 p. 23 p. 3 p. 23 p. 24 p. 25 p. 26 32. 3 The regonaI obtain sum 3. 2. 4 forte shop pith 3. 3 The ruinment of shop heart 3. 4 Dev&opment of shop amount of moneys in Hong Kong 3. 4. 1 First pattern 3. 4. 2 Second phas e 3. 4. 3 Third phase 4. CasestudyofwhampoaGarden 4. 1 background information and characteristic of Whampoa Garden 4. 1. 1 maturation 4. 1. 2 Accessibility 4. 1. 3 Catchrnent atomic number 18a and interlink 4. 1. 4 Conceptof natural townsfolk 4. 1. 5 motion Concept 4. 1. 6 Varietyofshop 4. 1. 7 Continuous refurbishment 4. 1. 8 obtainmanagement 4. 1. 9 Cleaning 4. 1. 10 Security 4. 1. 11 Air-conditioning 4. 1. 2 Maintenance & touch on 4. 2 Findings Irnag decimatetri besideses 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 1. 1 inexpert experience 4. 2. 1. 2 Userfriendly 4. 2. 1. 3 Stores 4. 2. 1. 4 Qualityofstores 4. 2. 1. 5 Easeofusebycarandbus 4. 2. 2 Shoppers characteristics 4. 2. 2. 1 Gender 4. 2. 2. 2 obtain accompanied 4. 2. 2. 3 Travel model 4. 2. 2. 4 Occupation 4. 2. 2. 5 Monthly income 4. 2. 2. 6 Frequency of projects 4. 2. 2. 7 Presence of undesirable characters 5. Problems ofWhampoa Garden p. 32 p. 32 p. 32 p. 32 p. 34 p. 34 p. 34 P. 37 p. 38 p. 38 p. 39 p. 39 P. 40 p. 40 P. 41 p. 41 p. 41 p. 41 p . 4. 2 p. 43 p. 43 p. 43 p. 44 p. 44 p. 45 . 45 p. 45 p. 46 p. 47 Inadequate parking facilities Uncovered footpaths/insufficient interlinks Un boffo story concept p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 49 p. 50 Lackof keystoneteriants p. 51 Recession of retail industry p. 52 5. 1 Lack of loudness tape transport ne dickensrk 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 p. 27 p. 27 p. 28 p. 29 p. 30 p. 30 p. 30 6. Recommendations and shop vegetable marrows in the future 6. 1 Understandshoppers want 6. 2 HK$10 spot discountoutlets 6. 3 Transportation p. 54. p. 54 p. 54 p. 55 6. 4 pose quadrangles dry footpath 6. 5 gear upeting strategies 6. 6 Signage 61 cultivation of theme concept 6. 8 Promotion . 8. 1 Advertising 6. 8. 2 Personal selling 6. 83 Sales promotion 6. 8. 4 furtherance p. 56 p57 p. 57 p. 58 p. 58 p. 59 p. 59 p. 59 p. 59 7. Conclusion p. 61 Questionnaires p. 63 Summary results of questionnaire for customers p. 68 Bibliography p. 73 Abstract In Hong Kong, the accessibility and transportation network o f pertlyly constructed wind vanesite is highly important. The transport links, particularly by marrow of Mass passageway railroad line and Kowloon- brookton Railway, ar spanking to the retailers, as these would incr knack footfall, which open fire roleplay thetn more(prenominal) than than potential customers. However, it is all for the shoppers?Where give they go and why leave behind they shop? Customers obtain habits and p upholdence has changed over geezerhood. Most importantly, it has gone along with the developing and construction of shop centralize. Now instead of obtain in the sheet, obtain in huge department stores is a new trend. This paper obtains at assessing the meanss in attri preciselying to the shoppers decision by starting with a forceing description of customers behavioural models and the development of obtain displace in Hong Kong. find out elements include convenience, pleasant and entertainment environment, tenant mix, leisure faciliti es and catchment, etc.Whampoa Garden is selected as the case study Overall, the findings shows active voice, thoroughly plan, coordinated and achievementical promotion should be operated through and throughout the year. Besides promotion, the infrastructure of shop hearts also plays a vital role in deciding the retail pattern and the tenant mix. at that mallfore, active promotion activities and continual development of obtain focalises should be utilize as the outline to meet the ever-changing demand and improve the impression of the revolve about for their specified clientele. 1. Inlroduction Shopping centres argon vital to our economy.Different planning of shop centres causes several(predicate) sizings and ar goments. However, all these planning would bear two purposes in mind to countenance an optimum retailing environment for the tenants and to meet the inescapably of customers. In late decades, shopping centres atomic number 18 becoming change magnitudely imp ortant for the divine work they suffer to individual consumers and umteen ways in which they benefit the communities in which they are located. Developers should want to know how and why people shop in their shopping centres, still differents notwithstanding have a fare dodging and locomote in the centre.From a moneymaking(prenominal) standpoint, it whitethorn distinguish consumer behaviour from other activities. This is the point for the shopping centre because profits are generated when consumers select the shopping centre rather than a nonher. Consumers are more interested in the facilities gived by the shopping centres, so that they could spend their time desiccate money in in that respect. The improvement of living standard in Hong Kong has to lead the transformation of shopping behaviour of the residents. Formerly, market places were unspoiled places where people gather unitedly for retail activities.Nowadays, shopping centres have become multifunctional, and i t is an enclosed area non scarce for shopping, and also for entertainment and amusement. A successful shopping centre must have the right location, (easy to access) good management pictureive marketing strategy dried-out the right tenant mix for the demographic profile of the compriseence it serves. However, the lay downion of the shopping centre leave slip downwards or fade away with the passage of time demographic changes, competition arising from the other new shopping centres, etc. All these pose as long challenge for the status of an existing shopping centre.Therefore, strategies are required for rejuvenation. The aim far promoting shopping centres is to improve their overall commercial potentials and auxiliary facilities. In auxiliary, the shoppers behaviors and characteristics, ( discernment, the choices ofthe retails shops, etc. ) as well as location of the shopping centre also have to consider. Furthermore, the competition from new shopping centres compels exist ing shopping centres to seek for the best ways and strategies to revive the trading of a shopping centre. 1. 1 Aim and Objectives The aims of this study are to investigate and evaluate strategies for the shopping entre promotion in upgrading the value of a shopping centre. Factors such as marketing stand point, competition from other competitors, demographic of the surrounding areas, sociable and economic situation give be considered. In addition, this paper pass on study the consumer behaviour and characteristics, such as place of residence, mode oftransportation, relative frequency ofvisit and consumer images. The objectives ofthis study are as follows I. I . i To conduct a literature review on the characteristics and the development 2 of shopping centre through a case study on Whampoa Garden Shopping sum of money located at Hung Horn . i . 2 To study the behaviour of the customers i . 1. 3 To identify the decision problems and preferences ofthe customers i . i . 4 To analyze the store image from the view ofthe customers 1. 1. 5 To study why shopping centres require promotion strategies? and i . 1 . 6 To probe the shopping centre promotion strategies 12 Methodologies in the theoretic framework, reference has been made to relevant books, magazines, newspaper, annual reports, journals as well as data from census and government statistics. In addition, marketing, promotion and management of shopping centres go out also be included.In hostel to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the customer behaviours and shopping centre promotion, this essay ordain examine two broad measures. The frequency of visit, purpose, accessibility, facilities, image and overall impression of the shopping centre would be identified. Moreover, the age concourse, sex, place of living, working condition, income and abode sizing of the customers will be studied. In order to examine the taxonomies adopted by previous researchers of consumer (spatial) shopping beha viour such as Shepherd and Thomas, (1980) Spiggle and Sewell, (1987).The models such as Huffs topological model Timmermans conceptual model Sheths integrative theory and Lindquist will be reviewed. Those theories are concentrate oned on the scholarship of the shoppers relating to the shopping centres image. by dint of the above methods, developers can select the right tenants and promotion strategies to generate income and crowd the shopping centre image. On the other hand, a successful shopping centre can through the information such as age, income stem and the customers behaviour, can decide the mete out of stemma and formulate promotion strategies to attract customers to visit. 1. 4 Implication ofihe StudyThe study will find out the behaviours of customers, and the relationships among the tenants, developers and the customers. In addition, the shopping centre promotion will also influence the enthronement atmosphere and affect the income of the developers. The above study can be a reference for other aging shopping centres in carrying out revivification programme. LS Source of Data This study is hard to get secondary data for the shopping condition since relevant parties are reluctant to pop the question their business strategies. Surveys would be carried out with the tenants and customers of the shopping centre in order to obtain the 4 first hand-data.On the other hand. , through interviews with the management staff and powerfulness staff, more information and data can also be obtained. Surveys and questionnaires will be conducted to obtain the primary data. The questionnaire is printed in Chinese since the studyity of Hong Kongs tribe is Chinese. It contains questions about customer behaviour, personal particu1ar and the image of a shopping centre. 5 2. Customer Behaviour and Shopping middle Customers spend their time in purchasing goods and work, at the appropriate places where they will visit. In addition, they also a same to spend thei r leisure time for their aily activities such as entertainment, gathering arid shopping. Shopping centres provide them a place to meet these inevitably. What bod of shopping centre would be suitable for them what kind of function and facilities should the centres have what kind of market strategies and what kind of promotion can allure more customers to visit the centre. I J1J1IIff According to Arnould, Price and Zinkham (2002), customer behaviours define as individuals or groups acquiring, using, and disposing of products, services, ideas, or experiences. Consumer behaviour also includes the acquisition and use of information.Therefore, communicating with consumers and receiving feedback from them is a crucial part of consumer behaviour of interest to marketers. Consumers may consist of individuals or groups including families, clubs and organizations, purchasing units at heart corporations, and government departments. Consumer behaviour is the study of human responses to produ cts, services, arid the marketing of products and services. This topic is of considerable importance to marketing managers and marketing researchers because the focus on the consumers is the key contribution of marketing to business practice.Other business function (e. g. , finance, accounting and production) either neglect the consumer or overlook the consumer entirely. Organizations that lose gr s breakwaterow deal of their consumers can non compete effectively against firms that stay close to their consumers. Managers who really understand their customers develop let on products and services, promote their products and services more effectively, and adopt marketing plans and strategies that entertain sustainable competitive advantages for their products and services. Furthermore, managers who know their consumers cari r for each one and satisfy them more efficiently.Such managers are important assets to any organization and are rewarded accordingly (Kardes 2002). The American market Association defines consumer behaviour as the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behaviour, arid environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. There are at least lead important ideas that pointed out in this definition (1) consumer behaviour is dynamic (2) it involves interactions between effect and cognitions, behaviours, and environmental events and (3) it involves exchanges. The following implications are put forward. 2. 1. 1 namicCnsumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour is dynamic and means individual consumers, consumers groups, and society at arge are constantly changing and evolving across time. 2. 1. 2 Interaction It means that to understand consumers and develop superior marketing strategies, we must understand what they think (cognitions) and feel (effect), what they do (behaviour, and the things and places (environmental) that influence and are 7 influenced by what consumers think, feel, and do. 2. 1. 3 Exchanges T hese puzzle out the definition of consumer behaviour consistent with menses definitions of marketing that also empha size of it exchange.In fact, the role of marketing is to pull in exchanges with consumers by formulating and implementing marketing strategies ( asshole and Olson, i 993). 2. 2 Why passel GoShopping Why do people do the things they do? More specifically, why do they demoralise and consume the products, services, experiences, and brands they do? People always mention that when they are popular opinion low or want to reward themselves by shopping, and shopping can be interpreted as a pleasure or a self-gift. The role of shopping and purchasing has taken on dramatic new meaning and trend to be a recreational shopping.The modem, self-enclosed shopping centre in all its variant forms has become a site to which consumers make frequent visits to satisfy a wide variety of requests including those aesthetic jazzment, problem solving, and personal display. These trends lead the emergence of the largest shopping centre such as Disney World, Universal Studios, and the wish well. Such shopping centres provide retail environments combine in shopping and entertainment. Going shopping is a study source of relaxation as well as a household chore. 1 When people realize that a good store assailable the greatest portion of its goods to he greatest number of its shoppers for the longest period of time, which put its merchandise in the path and the field of vision in a way that invites people for consideration. Were all aware of how shopping means varied things to different people at different times. We use shopping as therapy, reward, bribery, pastime, as an excuse to get out of the house, as a way to troll for potentia loved ones, as entertainment, as a forni of gentility or even workshop, as a way to kill time. There are compulsive shoppers doing serious damage to their bank accounts and credit ratings, who use shopping as a cry for help (Underhil, i 999, p. 5-96). People going to shopping centres as all new modem shopping centres provide leisure spaces and varies facilities such as mini cinema, indoor family games stores and funfafr style shops. In addition, the enclosed environment, controlled climate, patrol of centres security guards and the promotion events give customers a smack of warmth, safety, comfort and satisfaction. In addition, people going shopping can be broadly divided into three categories, they visit the supermarket to buy household chores occasional(prenominal) visits the regional shopping centre to buy fashion goods, elecirical app1iances and recently shopping centre as place for people gathering together and enjoy of fun. As Beddington stated in i 99 1 that shopping is a primary human activity in which almost every individual in civilized society Building and services for takes part, needfully almost periodical. shopping are as closely related to lodging as those for education, health, administration an d entertainment. Bund1in of products, product components, and services is an important consideration for manufacturers, retailers, and service providers bringing their goods and services to market. Bundling truely takes one or two forms clean or mixed (Adams and Yellen, i 976).There are four factors that bear on customers intention to buy product and service. (1) whether the product and service are pure and mixed (2) the price discounts of a pure goods and service in comparing to the sum of the component of mixed (3) the functional relationship among the components and (4) number of components. As more and more shopping centres established with the development of property market, it is undeniable that the competition becomes more intense. in addition as the economy recession of Hong Kong has not yet fully recovered, customers cautiously evaluate the goods and services when they use their savings, and he anchor product and service that they can obtain as they are become extra p ricesensitive. On the other hand,, Shenzhen, a city in main dry land China full about one hour from Hong Kong by train, offers pleasing entertainment facilities and low- priced retail goods in discordant shopping complex. To a sure extent, it actually draws much Hong Kong customers away from Hong Kong s more expensive stores and restaurants. In everyday, most retail shops inside shopping centres use lo price as its competitive tool to combat competition. It is not difficult to find that shopping malls range from metropolitan to eighborhood emphasize the concept of Discount, Mega Sale it is especially obvious in virtually feasts which ordinarily highlight the provision of balmy sa1e during festival. As a result, the provision of discount become a general practice to marketers and become a norm to shoppers. Without the benefit of discount, customers are more Likely to delay their consumption or shift to others stores with the provision of discount. Thus, it is not a long-ter m measure to combat competition. Ji iIU1iIk) tii flhlTi In the past, daily products such as provisions, wet foods are ga in that respectd in market atching movie, shopping, entertainment, games and shopping are located in different places, performed at different times for specific people. Recently, the new modem shopping centres are characterised by new spatial form including leisure and consumption activities at the same place for different people. Centres are all modem and well-managed, together with special layout to attract tenants and customers. close to(prenominal) centres adopt the policy of encouraging independent and specialist outlets to provide more choices and lower price for the customers.The concept of tenant mix is widely apply is shopping management, it provides a one-stop services for the customers, so that customers can obtain their needs in one trip. In addition, the centre is also provided security patrol system, cleaning 11 service, temperature controlled and the promotion events, customers can enjoy their life here in the enclosed environment, make them feel warmth, comfort, safety and satisfaction. Furthermore, people are looked busier they would like to save their shopping time and use for entertainment and hunting of personal interest and other leisure time activities.Nowadays, people are more enjoy the largest one-shop shopping centres, which providing them convenient and efficient shopping. In order to attract more customers visiting the shopping centre, shopping centre not only providing convenient and efficient shopping for customers, it also develop as a place for leisure activities and create particular themes to upgrade their susceptibility to competition. Recently, there has been a trend for developer to provide mini cinemas, indoor family games stores, circus style shops and food courts inside the shopping centre. Therefore, customers regard as part of their life or entertainment and enjoyment of their leisure time, this lead to increasing the pedestrian flow. In order to attract more pedestrian flow, developer recognize that some of the customers are only spent their leisure time in the centre without any purchasing. However, the large of pedestrian flow will induce investors and tenants to invest in the shopping centres, in which with recreational, entertainment and extra facilities. Finally, shoppers like to visit shopping centre when shopping promotion is held. As modus vivendi of Hong Kong people is so excited, more and more shoppers strive for he role of relaxation during their weekends or holidays with families and 12 friends. They usually prefer to spend a day at shopping centre, which can provide one-stop services. 2. 5 Goal and Characteristic of CuMomer Women shop not out of devotional love for family members, and their shopping behaviours is an investment in their families and relationships with family members. Purchasers are rationalized not in terms of what was spent, but in terms o f savings and thrift. The savings and thrift generated through shopping then constitute funds that can be given to dependents and descendents (Price, Arnould, Zirikhan, 2002). 6 Conceptual Mxle1s and Customer Characteristics In the following, the major ideas from and models derived by Huff, Timmerman, Sheth, Lindquist and Wee be briefly discussed. 2. 6. 1 Huffs Topological Model (1960) It attempts to derive simple deductive models of consumer spatial behaviour and cognition, Potter (1982) considers that one ofthe landmarks was the graph theoretical or topological model of consumers space preferences developed by Huff(1960) (McGoldrick, puppet J, and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 46)).According to Huff, consumer spatial behaviour was hold ind by the interaction of three systems the value, behaviour-space perception and movement imagery. These refer to (i) the geographical location of the consumer of the consumer and his/her personal traits (ii) the grokd characteristics of the retai l outlet and (iii) the perceive and objective features 13 of the transport network and the mode of travel. 2. 6. 2 Timmermans ConceptiialModel (1982) The model suggests that the decision problem such as the type of goods to be bought, together with the consumers value system, information directs, etc. , efines a set of decision criteria for the consumer which conditions the perception of the objective physical environment containing all potential outlets (McGoldrick, Peter J, and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 47)). The decision making process makes this model involves an evaluation of each destination, secondary on the rating to evaluate attributes and Timmerman assumes that consumer will chose their the destination with the highest scale value. In addition, he further points out that familiarity with the various shopping opportunities and whether they are within reasonable travel time are two important factors in this respect. . 6. 3 Sheths integrative theory Sheth formulates a the ory of shopping behaviour and a theory of shopping preference. A theory of shopping behaviour includes four types of unexpected events can intervene between preference and behaviour, such as events occur between the time and place when shopping preference and intentions are established and when actual shopping behaviour takes place (McGoldrick, Peter J and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 47)). Sheth further postulated three basic constructions interact to determine a shopper s preference or shopping predisposition. 14 2. 6. 3. Choice calculus Sheth used three systems such as sequential, dominant and trade in-off as the first construct by which consumers may match their shopping motives with their shopping operation. In which sequential calculus eliminated shopping options that do not satisfy this motive until all shopping motives have been utilized. Tradeoff calculus involves the evaluation of each shopping option on aU shopping motives simulianeously to obtain an overall acceptabilit y score. Finally, dominant calculus evaluates each shopping option only on the most impor. ant shopping motive. 2. 6. 3. 2 SlmppingmotivesShopping motives refer to shoppers needs and wants related to the choice that shoppers looking for. In 1983, Sheth provided a distinction between functional needs and non-functional needs functional need is the shoppers need for the low prices or some products such as food, and non-functional need is the shoppers want to shop just for relieve boredom or some products such as clothes. In addition, Sheth mentioned that personal values, social values and epistemic values influence shoppers shopping motives. He further mentioned that special products also can influence shopper s motives. 2. 6. 3. Shopping option According to Sheth, shopping options are determined by three market factors such as location, retail structure and positing/image. 15 2. 6. 4 Lindguist (1974-1975) Store image attributes groupings (McGoldrick, Peter J, and Thompson, Mark G. (1 992, p. 59)). In this mode1 it describes nine store image attributes, which contributes to image formation or to favourable/unfavourable consumer attitudes towards outlets of various types. 2. 7 Shopping Centre Image Attributes AccordIng to Wee (1986) a basket of 27 attributes was worked out though an examination of coefficient alpha values.It was thought to adequately represent the earth of shopping centre image. By grouping the 27 attributes into different categories, 8 major factors of the customers towards store image are come out for ease epitome. Detail ofthe factor analysis is as follows- Factor 1 Recreational Experience According to Wee, this factor accounts for 3 1 . 2% of the sectionalisation and incorporates most of the activity oriented. These are, in descending order of leadings, a place to spend time, an in place to go, a place to go when the weather is bad, a place to take children and a place to eat or drink. Two feature related variables, ecor and spaciousness, a lso lead significantly and are consistent with this interpretation. Factor 2 JJr Friendliness This label was chosen to describe the group of variables loading with factor 2. Most of these attributes are features, which make the centre an easier and more 16 pleasant place to use. These attributes that are curious to this factor are the helpfulness of store staff, friendliness of the atmosphere, standard of security, smoke facilIties, seating area and air condoning. The two other attributes, place to eat or drink and a place to take children, load high with factor i.Factor3 Stores It comprises the four attributes relating to stores at the center, rather than the centre itself. These rated the choice of major stores, the variety of stores, the product selection available within the stores and the general quality ofthe stores. Factor 4 Quality of Environment It combines the four attributes relating to the appearance and physical body of the centre, namely, cleanliness, lighting, s paciousness and decor. Factor 5 Ease ofUse by Car It represents the direct of accessibility to car users, who tend to be in the majority at this centre. t is possibly surprising that layout loaded within this factor, rather than factor 2 or 4. This could suggest that the layout of at very large centre is associated more strongly with accessibility than with the internal feature of the centre. Factor6 Others Factor 6 was tagged crowding incorporating the level of crowds and the number of undesirable characters. Factor 7, labeled ease of use by bus combines the opening hours and access by bus this provides a reminder that opening hours are, 17 in effect one element of accessibility. Only on attribute loads significantly ithin factor 8, the general leveL of prices. In this essay, survey will be conducted by using some attributes, which are mentioned above, for the analysis of the consumer behaviour of Whampoa. 18 3. What is a SltoppingCentre? The use of the world mall to describe a p edestrianised shopping street almost certainly originated in North America in ari effort to convey a greater sense of space, quality and refinement than is normally associated with an arcade. Malls are usually covered and wide enough to provide a central area for planting, seating, fountains and other furniture.Although shops fronting an arcade are usually downcaster than those in a shopping mall, the basic difference between a mall and an arcade lies not in the types of shops found in them but in the volume of space between the frontages (Northen and Flaskoll 1977). The shopping centre is distinct from other forms of commercial retail development. It is a specialized, commercial land use and building type, which today is found throughout the world but until the late 1 970s thrived primarily in America suburbia, occurring only rarely in downtowns or rural areas. Over the years, it has been ransformed from a suburban concept to one with much broader and varies applications (Shoppin g Centre Development Handbook). According to Urban basis Institutes (1990), shopping centre is defined as A group of commercial establishments, planned, developed, owned, arid managed as a unit related in location, size and type of shops to the trade area it serves it provides on-the-spot(prenominal) parking in definite relationship to the types and sizes ofthe store (James (1993, p. 3)). Recently, Urban Land Institutes has redefmed this definition so that a shopping centre must have a minimum of three commercial establishments, and, in the case of urban 9 shopping centres, their on-site parking needs may be related not only to the types and sizes of the stores but also to the availability of of-site parkings and alternate means of access (Shopping Centre Development Handbook). However, it is not easy to derive a universally evaluate definition of shopping centre because of several reasons. Shopping centres range in size from a very few shops to those with hundred number of shops , go a full range of shopping provisions including large department stores, restaurants, supermarkets, entertainment facilities and parking spaces as well. 3. 1 The Principle ola ShopphigCentreThe successful of a shopping centre depends on many factors such as protrude and layout, its locatIon, its catehment areas, the way the business is run by the shop traders and whether there is any competition within the vicinity. Before constructing of the shopping centre, developer should understand the position of the centre in order to avoid competition with other centres The centre will depend on the size and the population to classify as community shopping centre or regional shopping centre. Also it will depend on the location that the transport can be reached together with visiting carparks.Then, developers should identify the role and function, and choose the most 20 suitable theme and head groups of retailers and shoppers. For any type of shopping centre will play different role an d provide different goods and services to the specified catchment population. A good shopping centre requires to strength its image by special features and good facilities. 3. 1. 2 Locationnfa Shopping Centre Location is one of the paramount important elements for a shopping centre, accessibility and visibility should be taken into account. The best location for a shopping centre should e located at strategic location in well-developed rule such as area close to railway stations or any transport interchanges. Retailers will decide to run their business as high visibility and easy accessibility of a shopping centre will increase the pedestrian flow also shoppers from other regularises will be attracted to this centre. 3. 1. 3 Catchment Area To defme the catchment area is one of the major factors affecting the success of a shopping centre, developer should understand the needs of customers, and tailor-made the design and different type of shopping centre will have different criteria for catchment area. . 1. 4 Accessibility and Interlink The key to a successnul shopping centre plan is to attracted more pedestrians as they are potential shoppers. The greater the concentration, the better the shops will be run their business. The City Plaza at Taikoo Shing and tender Town Plaza in Shatin, pedestrians have passed through the shopping centre 2 the provision of covered footbridge linking to all shopping centres is an framework of diverting the pedestrian flow. The more time the shoppers stayed in the shopping centre, the more chance they spend.The trades of the retailers must make special arrangement, so that shoppers visit all move of the shopping centre will not feel well-worn and lose their interest. 3. 1. 5 Ten ant Mix Selection of long-familiar brand names and anchor tenants is critical to chant the centre and put forward to others as pulling effect may be result by such tenant. It can also attract shoppers to visit all parts of the centre and maximize the attraction ofprospective customers. However, the routing of centre should be well designed and symmetryd for all retailers.The success of a shopping centre may rely on proper designation of trades in its appropriate locations to create pedestrian flow to induce shoppers. In addition, a trade balance is also good for a shopping centre. Apart from catering the local needs, anchor tenants may attract more shoppers. Major tenants such as department stores, supermarkets, large Chinese and Western restaurants, chain stores and entertainment facilities such as iceskate field and cinemas. Beside the desigiated trades, some criterion for different trades should be considered. a) licensing requirements such as food premises require the provision of drainage, extra piss supply and exhaust arrangement (b) eleclricity supply for fast food shop and large consumption of electricity imdes 22 (e) air conditioning for some trades require addition cold water and (d) floor loading will be considered for some trades that require installing heavy machines. 3. 1. 6 DecoratiGn hi order to attract tenants running their business in the shopping centre, the decorations should be glamour and attractive to induce potential and anchor raders. The layout of the shopping centre is a key factor in patronage and increasing the business promising. In addition, it is also ensured that customers could be convenient and easy to follow the course the signages are easily to identify, so that to attract them from one end to the others, and from the first floor to the second, third and up to the fourth floor, etc. Furthermore, any tie-up to be avoided, and harmony standard in design and layout of the shopping centre should be included the design of the shopfront entrances and finishes. . 1. 7 Sliopfront Standard glass over panels are installed in the front of each shop, which enable tenants to display their products or demonstrate the services to be provided in order to attract customers. To ec onomize a continuity and uniformity of the shopfront, all tenants are requested to make use of the coat frontage above the glass panels to place their trade name and logo. 3. 1. 8 Entrances The entrances for a shopping centre must be as attractive as possible locations 23 must be at a concentration of pedestrian flow.In addition, a successful shopping centre should provide enough customers flow especially in eyeshade hour and season, and each entrance should be conspicuous and brig1t enough to draw attention of the pedestrians arid passers-by. It also is as wide or eminent a possible so as to produce an elegant or classic image in order to impress both tenants and shoppers. A narrow entrance gives an unpleasant outlook and is unattractive. 3. 1. 9 Finishes The finishes should make customers feel comfortable, in which colour should be consistent with the theme of the shopping centre.The immaterial wail facade of the shopping centre should be furnished with intercept and yellow tiles together with tempered glass glazing, in which light moody materials could brighten up the appearance of the shopping centre. For internal wall facade with the corridors, mirrors should be installed on the wall. It makes customers feel more comfortable as space in the corridor looks like arger. In addition, in the prominent places, the wall should be covered by stain little steel, porcelain enamel or coated metal cladding. Furthermore, floors could be applied ceramic tiles and granite tiles in the open areas.However, for those areas in the centre of the shopping centre could pave granite slab and polished homogenous tiles to upgrade the shopping centre. Finally, the false ceiling with light trough could be covered the ceiling. 3. 1. 10 Signage System In order to direct pedestrian flow and strengthen the identity of the shopping 24 centre, a sizable name of the shopping centre with logo should be placed in the external wall in which is easy eye-catching for the customers. In a ddition, an external advertising paniel for anchor tenants should be installed on the Mall facade the main street.Furthermore, name of the tenants is shown in each floor together with a guide map, directories showing each tenant at each floor on the wall draw close the escalators and staircases. Main directories showing tenants under different trade groups can be installed at the main access to facilities customers to identify and locate specified trade more easily. However, restriction must also be imposed on the size, colour and method of illuminating the signboards so as to obtain a better appearance as a whole. The amount of wording used and the size of lettering should be strictly controlled. . 1. 11 Marketing Marketing in which plays an Important role In the retailing business. the chief target is provided a pleasant environment for the customers to spend their money, age tenants to promote their sales. The obligation ofthe marketing people must realize that the aggressive advertising and promotion campaigns required huge amounts to pay for such activities. In addition, the on-going market analysis to explore the ever changing of market conditions, customers behaviours, purchasing power, attitude, social judgement and trend should be studied to adapt the change.Market exposure is an important to gain the latest market intelligence, so that pro-active strategies could be formulated to strike for excerpt and expansion. 3. 1. 12 Management 25 A successful centre can also be attributed to an efficient and effective management management a centre is a challenging role that requires all ski11s knowledge of a professional Management Company. From the shop tenants point of view, they desire reasonable profits, while from the customers point of view they expect an attractive, comfortable and constant flow of traders.Due to daring with ever changing environment, high expectation from the tenants and customers, and the competitiveness in the vicinity, it is e ssential that effective and efficient management together with innovative marketing concepts should be adapted. 3. 1. 13 Promotion The centre should be designed to strengthen promotional and publicity activities with an aim to draw the publics awareness to generate traffic and patronage, so as to create additional sales. More creative and innovative promotion activities, free coupons for shopping arid particular prize winning events will be introduced.In additIon variety show features and popular artists will be invited during holIdays. Promotion campaign will include to work out promotional programmes schedules to be linked with the theme of the centre to arrange seasonal and festival decorations to issue shopping guide, display panels and newsletter to maintain a web site to publicize information and activities relating to the Mall arid arrange gatherings and meetings with shop tenants, district Councils and community groups. oTu) ifs s sjflfl 26 Much of the impetus for shopping c entre development came from USA and by the id-1950s three main types of shopping centre had been recognized by developers, architects, plamiers and geographers (Dawson 1983). Shopping centres were originally divided into three principal sum types neighbourhood, community and regional recently, the development of specialized markets opportunity, numerous types of shopping centres have evolved. The acceptance of this three-fold compartmentalisation has become one of the established truths of modern urban geography and remained in common use despite the subsequent development ofmany centres which clearly do not fit any ofthe three ategories. The classification has become slight(prenominal) meaningnzl because there are increases in the numbers of centres arid the irmovations in tenant policy design, location and development practices (Dawson 1983). The increase in hybrid shopping centre makes the types of shopping centres difficult to distinguish whence the major tenant classificat ions and to a lesser extent the centre size and trade area determinate the type of centre. 4_ ff1rf irn i The neighbourhood shopping centres provide for the sale of convenience goods such as food, drugs, sundries and personal services.This centre is usually based on a supermarket and covers a wide range of convenience goods including personal services such as laundry, dry cleaning and shoe repairs. It serves a localized catchment population less than 50,000. (Planning Department, 2001). It provides convenience goods and services which 27 consumers needs immediately and frequently. Shoppers as a rule find it most convenient to buy such goods and services near home or near workplace. Majority ofthis shopping centre is located in public housing estates. Most are less than 30,000-100,000 substantive feet (Shopping Centre DevelopmentHandbook, 1999). Typical Gross Leasable area is 50,000 square feet. Shopping centres locate in public and private housing estates are typical example such a s Metiopolis Plaza locates at Sheung Shui near the Kowloon Canton Railway. The shopping arcade is on level I and 2 just underneath the three domestic blocks, with 60 shops of a total rentable area of 56,433 square feet. There are 129 private car and i i 9 bicycle parking spaces respectively. The centre is also sociable by public bus, public light bus and taxi, In addition, there are 22 lorry carpark spaces and 2 cargo lifts for loading and unloading.Between level i and 2, there are 2 escalators for customers. The centre is satisfied for local residents need as it includes food & beverage shops, convenience shops, boutique shops, plaza and leather shops, electric appliance shops and others. 3. 2. 2 The Crnmnunity Shopping Centre participation shopping centre is built around a small department store or variety stores as anchor tenant. In addition to a supermarket provides convenience goods and offers a wide range of comparison goods and personal services. It usually locates in new town centre with convenient transportation network and erves a catehment population of about 50,000 to 1,OOOOOO (Planning Department, 2001). The range of the area is 100,000-450,000 square feet (Shopping Centre Development Handbook, 1999). Typical Gross rental area is 28 150,000 square feet. This type of shopping cenfre also offers greater depth and range of merchandise and goods than neighbourhood shopping centre. It provides certain categories of goods, particularly commodities, which are less likely to be found in regional shopping centre. It attracts shoppers through the provision offull range ofshopping faciLities and goods. The maIn attraction ofthis kind f centre is usually the department store or some anchor tenants like ParkN Super Store, McDonalds Restaurant and Maxims Chinese Restaurant. On the other hand, neighbourhood shopping centres have potential power to be a community shopping centre as their sizes and populations are strong enough to support them, just as some com munity shopping centre can aggrandise into regional shopping centre. Therefore, the position of community shopping centre is the intermediate centre, and it is hard to categorize. Tuen Mun Town Plaza and Shatin New Town Plaza, Telford Garden in Kowloon Bay are categorized as regional shopping centre.Shopping centres in Hong Kong such as Hang Fa Chuen in Chai Wan and City plaza in Taikoo Shing with several residential blocks in the vicinity, are categorized as community centres. 3. 2. 3 The Regional Shopping Cenfre Regional shopping centre usually has one or two full-line department stores, and the size can be range from 300,000 to 900,000 square feet, which can be served more than 150,000 populations. This type of shopping centre is a comparison trading centre, customers are visited on a regularly period or 29 occasional shopping trip to purchase goods such as fashion, shoes, furniture nd electrical appliances customers usually make the prices comparison before they buy. It usuall y serves Hong Kong people as a whole. It includes local residents, office people as well as tourists. For example, Landmark at Central, it provides consumer durable goods, personal services as well as entertainment. The catchrnent area of this centre involving into different district areas and serves for large group of population. Shopping centres such as Pacific Place, Landmark, Time Square at Causeway Bay arid Ocean Terminal at Tsim Sha Tsui and feast Walk that serve for people in different districts. . 2. 4 Specialty Shopping Centre J_n Hong Kong, this kind of shopping centre represents relatively small categories of the market, typical example such as golden Shopping Centre in Shamshuipo for various types ofcomputer hardware and software. Golden Shopping Arcade is worthy at Yen Chow Street and Kwei Lin Street in Shamsbuipo district. It is just a few steps away from the Shamshuipo Mass Transit Railway station, and public buses, public light buses and taxi can also be accessed. There are about 70 shops occupying two levels of the arcade. Beside he retailing shops, there are shops selling computer hardware and software of various brands and models. No matter new and experienced computer users, the arcade attracts them as the centre provides various software and hardware at lower prices. 30 3. 3 The Development f Shopping Centre According to Schiller, i 985, the term of shopping centre is ambiguous in Britain. It can mean either a comprehensive shopping development, as it does it most other countries, or a clustering of traditional shops in a town centre. Town centre can include planned and unplanned retail areas however shopping centre is often oosely used to mean a group of shops, which has been designed, planned, developed, owned, marketed and managed as a unit. Shopping centre is a planned assemblage of shop units which may or may not exist as part of sopping district, in which a shopping district can consist oftwo or more shopping centres. In Britain, m any town centres has been developed as a shopping centre. According to McGildrick & Thompson, 1991), the wide suburban expansion in the last thirty to forty years has produced the features of urban landscape usually associated with the term Shopping Centre, but the British residential sprawl

Knowledge, Love and Character Analysis on the Film “Last Night” by Don McKellar Essay

intimacy is comm still delimitate as expertise and skills developed by a soulfulness out of an experience or from education. Basically, it is the theoretical or practical understand of an issue or subject. It is what is known in a certain knit stitch or in other words, facts and information. It enkindle also be defined as aw beness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation (Kunii, Ramamoorthy, Ching, & Wu, 2007).Our principal is the unmatched responsible for processing the selective information or information that a soulfulness receives. Aware or unconscious, everything that the brain encounters, is filtered and stored. For this dry land, we acquire the experience and eventually learn new things. Learning is a huge discussion section of human development. Knowledge is acquired through different means. It can be from learning or an experience. Learning can be declared as an acquisition and development of memories as well as behaviors which implicate sk ills, knowledge, understanding, wisdom and values.There is presently no agreed definition of knowledge but there are several existing theories about it. Knowledge acquisition involves a complex cognition processes like perception, communication, learning, reasoning, and association. The word knowledge is also used to define concrete understandings of a subject or context thus uses it for a specific purpose. In the movie croak Night by Don McKellar, this knowledge of possible future events are portrayed. The characters are subjected to a situation where they know that they lone(prenominal) have hardly a(prenominal) hours left to live. Their response on this issue changes their usual character sign making them do things they wont usually do. Knowing that they only have six hours a government agency from the very end, each character plotted what they want to do with their remaining life.Like the case of Patrick Wheeler, an architect vie by Don McKellar, after knowing that hes only six hours away from death, decided to go home and face it only when in his apartment because of his wifes death still hangs firmly upon him. Because his wife was already dead, it has greatly affected him and made him suffer in his solitude. It brought him the feeling of being incomplete. (Leong, 1998). Patrick best portrays a type of wonder called Agape. It is lots referred to as Divine Love and involvesSelf-sacrificing savor. Peter decided to string the chance of loving another woman. He only retired one woman his beloved wife.Also, there are the characters like the young unite woman (Sandra Oh), who rushed home planning to commit suicide along with her husband, but she got stuck across the town away from him and may not make in time fulfill the promise made. This portrayal of character exemplifies love where she wants companionship till her last breath. Her idea of true love is base whether they will end up together whatever happens. She believed that by doing this, sh e loves him that untold that she is willing to die with him (Block, 1998). This type of love can be categorized as Mania. It is a kind of love could lead to obsession or craving. It can also lead to exaggerated feelings and excessiveness where one would volitionally take his or her life because on the emotion.Patricks friend, Craig (Callum Keith Rennie), is a womanizer who intents on living out a compulsively detailed familiar wish-list. His character displays the love for pleasure. He wants to achieve his fantasies before his life have intercourse to an end. This symbolizes the type of love called concupiscence. It deals with sexual desires and considers that physical attraction is a way of expressing love. On the other hand, Duncan (played by director David Cronenberg) alertly calls each of his customers to get a line them that their service will be continued until the final moment. On this part of the movie, Duncan displays the types of love called Philia or brotherly love . It represents the love that is generated or even colligate because of general goal or interest.It bonds every one in unison and cooperation. It also displays Storge, or friendship love, which expresses and involves respect and concern for another persons interest and welfare. Patricks mother (Roberta Maxwell), after realizing the situation, insists that the family hold a pseudo-Christmas dinner (Block, 1998). She portrays love for her family and her satisfaction of seeing them together even at the very end. It can also serve as a jubilation of the years of their life. Jennifer (Sarah Polley), Patricks sister, decided to go to a street companionship with her boyfriend Alex (Trent McMullen). This shows her love for her partner that she wants her last moments with him. This could portray Romantic love (venus).Each of the characters is trying to find a sense of achievement in their last hours, so that before their death they will be well-provided that they had not wasted their l ife. In overall, the movie emphasizes the human behavior towards the sensation of future events. It illustrates human response when one has the knowledge of what may occur. An individual, for the reason that his brain process the information, tends to think hard about it and make him link up conclusion, makes plans on what to do and others. This is because of complex learning and cognition which motivates the brain to manoeuvre (Ormrod, 2007). There are still remaining types of love like Ludis or the flirtatious and teasing Love.This type of love is associated with a kind of love for teen agers. In this kind of love, game playing plays a loose role of expressing love and it is like an outward expression of love. Furthermore, is most often intended to arouse another to physical attraction, which can lead to Eros sexual Love. Another is Pragma or the Logical Love which expresses spousal relationship though common goals and interests. It is the kind of love that is based on divid ed up interests and common backgrounds. This love is influenced by a system of principles, and the application of reason, and deductions to common experiences that describe and define relationships among propositions in terms of implications, contradictions, and contrariety. (Records, 2007)ReferencesBlock, T. (1998). Last Night (1998) Electronic Version. Culturevulture Choices for Cognoscenti. Retrieved October 20, 2007 from http//www.culturevulture.net/Movies/LastNight.htm.Kunii, T. L., Ramamoorthy, C. V., Ching, H., & Wu, T.-Y. (2007). Money, Health, and Happiness. terminate Automation Laboratory.Leong, A. (1998). Last Night Movie Review.Ormrod, J. E. (2007). Human Learning (5th ed.) apprentice Hall.Records, P. (2007). Love Electronic Version. Retrieved October 24, 2007 from http//proagency.tripod.com/love.html.

Production Possibilities

Production PossibilitiesProduction possibilities frontier (PPF) or more commonly known as transformation wind is a graph that demonst posts the difference between ii goods that an economy with scarce resources could take a crap. There are two primary determinants that whitethorn greatly affect the orientation of the PPF of a republic. These are product functions and factor out endowments. There is relatively a very big possibility for the PPF of a res publica to shift inward. Instances such as the occurrence of war and technical disturbances that may cause technological growth and development to cease are two of the possible causes of a PPF inward shift. The Principle of Diminishing peripheral Returns tidy sum also affect the shift of the PPF of a nation. Other factors such as currency devaluation or technological and political innovation basis also shift a nations PPF inward.Figure 1 shows the inward shift of the PPF reduce of a nation that has undergone war. Due to th e war, the resources of the nation, which are primarily used to produce the food and medicine have been devastated. This devastation of the resources leads to decrease in the rate of technological innovations. Moreover, the war also gave rise to the currency devaluation of the nation. By these, it can be concluded that these instances can increase the possibility of the nations PPF to shift inward.Given a fixed proportion of resources added with another unit of resource needed by a nation for the production of two goods and the machines needed by the nation in the production, the crook of the production possibility frontier of a nation would shift inward tothe left in time this is due to the justness of diminishing marginal returns. The law states that even though other units of resources are added to the nations tool for production, the marginal output of the nation would decrement until it reaches negative. And when it reaches the negative value, the PPF curve of that nation wo uld shift inward. Currency devaluation also affects the inward shift of a nations PPF curve when some of the nations resources are being purchased from other nations. The decrease in the value of the nations currency would affect the amount and the value of the resources purchased. Decline in the rate of innovations could also aid in the inward shift of the PPF curve of the nation since technological innovations may help develop and improve the production process.ReferencesDevadoss, S., Song, W. (2003). Factor Market Oligopsony and the Production Possibility Frontier Review of multinational Economics, 11, 729- 744.RetrievedNovember 5, 2007 from SSRN database.Goodwin, N. R. (2007, October 9). Production possibility frontier. Retrieved November 5, 2007 from http//www.eoearth.org/article/Production_possibility_frontier.Parasuraman, N. S. (2002, May 1). Production-Possibility Frontier (PPF) Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http//www.geocities.com/parasu41/PPF/.Suranovic, S. M. (2007 ). International calling Theory and Policy Electronic Version. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http//internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch60/T60- 7.php.